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 #ifndef TMVA_SOFIE_SOFIE_COMMON
 #define TMVA_SOFIE_SOFIE_COMMON
 
 #include "TMVA/RTensor.hxx"
 
 #include "ROOT/RSpan.hxx"
 
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <complex>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <regex>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <limits>
 
 namespace TMVA {
 namespace Experimental {
 namespace SOFIE {
 
 enum class ETensorType{
    UNDEFINED = 0, FLOAT = 1, UINT8 = 2, INT8 = 3, UINT16 = 4, INT16 = 5, INT32 = 6, INT64 = 7, STRING = 8, BOOL = 9, //order sensitive
     FLOAT16 = 10, DOUBLE = 11, UINT32 = 12, UINT64 = 13, COMPLEX64 = 14, COMPLEX28 = 15, BFLOAT16 = 16
 };
 
 enum class EActivationType{
    UNDEFINED = 0, RELU = 1, SOFTMAX = 2, SIGMOID = 3, LEAKYRELU = 4, TANH = 5, ELU = 6
 };
 
 constexpr size_t GetTypeSize(ETensorType type) {
     switch (type) {
         case ETensorType::FLOAT:     return sizeof(float);
         case ETensorType::DOUBLE:    return sizeof(double);
         case ETensorType::UINT8:     return sizeof(uint8_t);
         case ETensorType::INT8:      return sizeof(int8_t);
         case ETensorType::UINT16:    return sizeof(uint16_t);
         case ETensorType::INT16:     return sizeof(int16_t);
         case ETensorType::INT32:     return sizeof(int32_t);
         case ETensorType::INT64:     return sizeof(int64_t);
         case ETensorType::UINT32:    return sizeof(uint32_t);
         case ETensorType::UINT64:    return sizeof(uint64_t);
         case ETensorType::BOOL:      return sizeof(bool);
         case ETensorType::STRING:    return sizeof(std::string);
         default: return 0;
     }
 }
 
 typedef std::int64_t int_t;
 
 std::string ConvertTypeToString(ETensorType type);
 ETensorType ConvertStringToType(std::string type);
 
 // find if a string represents a number
 bool IsInteger(const std::string & s);
 
 struct Dim{
    bool isParam = false;
    size_t dim = 0;
    std::string param;
 
     // default constructor (for I/O)
    Dim() {}
 
    // constructor for a parametric dimension with the option to pass a default dim value
    // We use -1 for dim to indicate that the param dimension is an expression (e.g. "d1+d2")
    // in case the string represents a number make Dim not parametric
    Dim(const std::string & p, size_t d = 0) : isParam(true), dim(d), param(p)
    {
       if (IsInteger(p)) {
             isParam = false;
             dim = std::stoi(p);
       }
    }
 
    // constructor for a non-parametric dimension
    Dim(size_t d) : dim(d) {}
 
    std::string GetVal() const {
       // cast to int64_t for negative shape values
       return (isParam) ? param : std::to_string(static_cast<int64_t>(dim));
    }
 
    std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os) const {
       os << GetVal();
       return os;
    }
 
    bool operator==(const Dim& rhs) const {
        return (isParam && rhs.isParam) ? param == rhs.param : dim == rhs.dim;
    }
    bool operator!=(const Dim& rhs) const {
        return !(*this == rhs);
    }
 };
 
 //bool operator==(const Dim& lhs, const Dim& rhs);
 inline std::ostream & operator<< (std::ostream &os, const Dim &d) {
    os << d.GetVal();
    return os;
 }
 
 struct InputTensorInfo{
    ETensorType type;
    std::vector<Dim> shape;
 };
 
 struct TensorInfo{
    ETensorType type;
    std::vector<size_t> shape;
 };
 
 struct DynamicTensorInfo{
    ETensorType type;
    std::vector<Dim> shape;
 };
 
 // template traits for Tensor Shape
 template <typename T>
 struct TensorShape {};
 template<>
 struct TensorShape<Dim> {
    static bool IsDim() { return true; }
 };
 template<>
 struct TensorShape<size_t> {
    static bool IsDim() { return false; }
 };
 
 // template traits for Tensor type
 template <typename T>
 struct TensorType {};
 template<>
 struct TensorType<float> {
    static const std::string Name() { return "float"; }
 };
 template<>
 struct TensorType<double> {
    static const std::string Name() { return "double"; }
 };
 template<>
 struct TensorType<int64_t> {
    static const std::string Name() { return "int64_t"; }
 };
 template<>
 struct TensorType<int32_t> {
    static const std::string Name() { return "int32_t"; }
 };
 template<>
 struct TensorType<uint32_t> {
    static const std::string Name() { return "uint32_t"; }
 };
 template<>
 struct TensorType<uint64_t> {
    static const std::string Name() { return "uint64_t"; }
 };
 template<>
 struct TensorType<bool> {
    static const std::string Name() { return "bool"; }
 };
 
 struct TensorMemoryInfo {
    std::string_view tensor_name;
    size_t tensor_size;
 
    TensorMemoryInfo split(const std::string_view new_name, size_t new_size) {
         if (new_size > tensor_size) {
             throw std::invalid_argument("New size exceeds available tensor size.");
         }
         tensor_size -= new_size;
         return TensorMemoryInfo{new_name, new_size};
    }
 
     // Method to merge another struct into this one
    void merge(const TensorMemoryInfo& other) {
         tensor_size += other.tensor_size;
    }
 };
 
 struct MemoryPoolInfo {
 
    // ordered map with chunk_idx as key and TensorMemoryInfo as value
    std::map<size_t, TensorMemoryInfo> total_stack;
 
    // ordered map with chunk_idx as key and chunk_size as value
    std::map<size_t, size_t> available_stack;
 };
 
 std::vector<Dim> ConvertShapeToDim(const std::vector<size_t> & shape);
 
 std::vector<size_t> ConvertShapeToInt(const std::vector<Dim> & shape);
 
 std::size_t ConvertShapeToLength(const std::vector<size_t> & shape);
 
 std::string ConvertShapeToString(const std::vector<size_t> & shape);
 std::string ConvertDimShapeToString(const std::vector<Dim> & shape);
 std::string ConvertShapeToString(const std::vector<Dim> & shape);
 
 
 
 std::string ConvertDimShapeToLength(const std::vector<Dim> & shape);
 std::string ConvertDynamicShapeToLength(const std::vector<Dim> & shape);
 
 
 template<class T>
 std::string ConvertValToString(T value) {
    std::stringstream ret;
    if (std::is_floating_point_v<T>)
       ret << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<T>::max_digits10);
    ret << value;
    return ret.str();
 }
 
 
 // convert list of values in a string taking into account the precision
 template<class T>
 std::string ConvertValuesToString(size_t n, const T * data) {
    std::stringstream ret;
    ret << "{ ";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       if (std::is_floating_point_v<T>)
          ret << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<T>::max_digits10);
       ret << data[i];
       if (i < n-1) ret << ", ";
    }
    ret << "}";
    return ret.str();
 }
 template<class T>
 std::string ConvertValuesToString(const std::vector<T> & data) {
   return ConvertValuesToString(data.size(), data.data());
 }
 
 class InitializedTensor {
 public:
    InitializedTensor() = default;
    InitializedTensor(ETensorType type, std::span<std::size_t> shape, std::shared_ptr<void> data, bool typeConstant = false)
       : fConstant(typeConstant), fType{type}, fShape{shape.begin(), shape.end()}, fData{data}
    {
    }
 
    ETensorType const &type() const { return fType; }
    std::vector<std::size_t> const &shape() const { return fShape; }
    std::shared_ptr<void> const &sharedptr() const { return fData; }
    // query if tensor comes from a Constant operator
    bool IsConstantTensor() const { return fConstant;}
    // query if tensor needs to be written in a weight file. Constant tensors are not written in a file
    bool IsWeightTensor() const { return !fConstant && !fIsNotWritable;}
    // set not writable initialized tensors - i.e. tensor that must not be written in a file
    void SetNotWritable() { fIsNotWritable = true;}
 
    template <class T = void>
    T const *data() const
    {
       return static_cast<T const *>(fData.get());
    }
 
    void CastSharedToPersistent()
    {
       // We only calculate fSize here, because it is only used for IO to know
       // the size of the persistent data.
       fSize = 1;
       for (std::size_t item : fShape) {
          fSize *= static_cast<int>(item);
       }
       switch (fType) {
       case ETensorType::FLOAT: fSize *= sizeof(float); break;
       case ETensorType::DOUBLE: fSize *= sizeof(double); break;
       case ETensorType::INT32: fSize *= sizeof(int32_t); break;
       case ETensorType::INT64: fSize *= sizeof(int64_t); break;
       case ETensorType::BOOL: fSize *= sizeof(bool); break;
       default:
          throw std::runtime_error("TMVA::SOFIE doesn't yet supports serialising data-type " +
                                   ConvertTypeToString(fType));
       }
       fPersistentData = static_cast<char *>(fData.get());
    }
    void CastPersistentToShared()
    {
       // If there is no persistent data, do nothing
       if (fSize == 0 || fPersistentData == nullptr) {
          return;
       }
 
       // Nothing to be done if the pointed-to data is the same
       if (fPersistentData == static_cast<char *>(fData.get())) {
          return;
       }
 
       // Initialize the shared_ptr
       fData = std::shared_ptr<void>{malloc(fSize), free};
       std::memcpy(fData.get(), fPersistentData, fSize);
 
       // Make sure the data read from disk doesn't leak and delete the
       // persistent data
       delete[] fPersistentData;
       fPersistentData = nullptr;
       fSize = 0;
    }
 
 private:
    bool  fConstant = false;      ///< Flag specifying if tensor is a Constant one (coming from a Constant operator)
    bool  fIsNotWritable = false; ///< Flag to indicate that tensor values do not need to be written as weight or generated code
    ETensorType fType;               ///< Encodes the type of the data
    std::vector<std::size_t> fShape; ///< The shape of the data in terms of elements in each dimension
    std::shared_ptr<void> fData;     ///<! Transient shared data
    int fSize = 0;                   ///< The size of the persistent data in bytes (not number of elements!)
    char *fPersistentData = nullptr; ///<[fSize] Persistent version of the data
 };
 
 template <typename T>
 ETensorType GetTemplatedType(T /*obj*/ ){
    if (std::is_same<T, float>::value) return ETensorType::FLOAT;
    if (std::is_same<T, uint8_t>::value) return ETensorType::UINT8;
    if (std::is_same<T, int8_t>::value) return ETensorType::INT8;
    if (std::is_same<T, uint16_t>::value) return ETensorType::UINT16;
    if (std::is_same<T, int16_t>::value) return ETensorType::INT16;
    if (std::is_same<T, int32_t>::value) return ETensorType::INT32;
    if (std::is_same<T, int64_t>::value) return ETensorType::INT64;
    if (std::is_same<T, std::string>::value) return ETensorType::STRING;
    if (std::is_same<T, bool>::value) return ETensorType::BOOL;
    //float16 unimplemented
    if (std::is_same<T, double>::value) return ETensorType::DOUBLE;
    if (std::is_same<T, uint32_t>::value) return ETensorType::UINT32;
    if (std::is_same<T, uint64_t>::value) return ETensorType::UINT64;
    //complex 64, 28, bfloat 16 unimplemented
 }
 
 namespace UTILITY{
 
 
 
 // clean operator and tensor names
 std::string Clean_name(std::string input_tensor_name);
 
 // Check if two shapes are equal
 bool AreSameShape(const std::vector<size_t>&, const std::vector<size_t>&);
 bool AreSameShape(const std::vector<size_t>&, const std::vector<Dim>&);
 bool AreSameShape(const std::vector<Dim>&, const std::vector<Dim>&);
 
 
 // Multidirectional broadcast a list of tensors to the same shape
 std::vector<size_t> MultidirectionalBroadcastShape(std::vector<std::vector<size_t>>);
 
 // Multidirectional broadcast two shapes to the same shape
 
 std::pair<int, std::vector<size_t>> MultidirectionalBroadcastShape(std::vector<size_t> &, std::vector<size_t> &);
 std::vector<size_t> UnidirectionalBroadcastShape(std::vector<size_t> &, std::vector<size_t> &);
 
 std::pair<int, std::vector<Dim>> MultidirectionalBroadcastShape(std::vector<Dim> &, std::vector<Dim> &);
 
 
 
 template<typename T>
 T* BroadcastConvBias(const T* data, const size_t channel, const std::vector<size_t>& targetShape) {
    size_t size = targetShape.size();
    if (targetShape[1] != channel) {
       std::stringstream ss;
       ss << "TMVA::SOFIE - Error broadcasting Conv Bias of shape {";
       ss << std::to_string(channel);
       ss << "} to ";
       ss << ConvertShapeToString(targetShape);
       throw
          std::runtime_error(ss.str());
    }
 
    size_t targetLength = ConvertShapeToLength(targetShape);
    T* newData = new T[targetLength];
 
    if (targetLength == channel) {
       std::copy(data, data + channel, newData);
       return newData;
    }
 
    // cStride = OutDepth * outHeight * outWidth
    size_t cStride = 1;
    for (size_t i = 2; i < size; i++)
       cStride *= targetShape[i];
    // Broadcast each element of the bias to a vector of size cStride and concatenate them
    // into a vector of size channel * cStride
    for (size_t i = 0; i < channel; i++) {
       std::fill(newData + i * cStride, newData + (i + 1) * cStride, data[i]);
    }
    // Broadcast newData[0...channel * cStride) to newData[0...batch * channel * cStride)
    size_t batch = targetShape[0];
    size_t bStride = channel * cStride;
    for (size_t i = 1; i < batch; i++) {
       std::copy(newData, newData + bStride, newData + i * bStride);
    }
    return newData;
 }
 
 // Broadcast a tensor from shape to targetShape according to numpy broadcasting rules
 // See more at https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.broadcasting.html
 // and https://github.com/onnx/onnx/blob/main/docs/Broadcasting.md .
 template<typename T, class ConstContT = std::span<const T>, class ContT = std::span<T> >
 void BroadcastTensor(ConstContT data, const std::vector<size_t>& shape, const std::vector<size_t>& targetShape, ContT broadcastedData) {
    // Size of the shapes (tensor input here have shapes with same sizes, we have already added the needed ones )
    size_t size = shape.size();
    // Current length of the broadcasted tensor
    size_t curLength = data.size();
    size_t targetLength = broadcastedData.size();
    assert(ConvertShapeToLength(targetShape) == targetLength);
    // special case when broadcasting last dimensions (initial shapes must be the same)
    if (size > 1 && shape.front() == targetShape.front() && shape.back() == 1) {
       size_t bsize = targetShape.back();
       // compute the size of the data to broadcast
       for (int k = int(size)-2; k >=0; k--) {
          if (shape[k] != 1) break;
          bsize *= targetShape[k];
       }
       for (size_t i = 0; i < curLength; i++) {
          std::fill(broadcastedData.begin() + i*bsize, broadcastedData.begin() + (i+1)*bsize , data[i]);
       }
       return;
    }
 
    std::copy(data.begin(), data.end(), broadcastedData.begin());
    // Product of the previous dimensions of targetShape
    size_t arrayNum = 1;
    // New broadcasted data: is this needed?
    std::vector<T> newData(targetLength);
 
    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < size; idx++) {
       size_t dim = shape[idx];
       size_t targetDim = targetShape[idx];
       if (dim == 1 && targetDim > 1) {
          // Set the new length of the data
          size_t newLength = curLength * targetDim;
          // View the data as a list of arrayNum arrays of size arrayLength
          size_t arrayLength = curLength / arrayNum;
          // Broadcast each array dim times
          if (arrayLength > 1) {
             // If each array has at least two elements
             for (size_t arrayIdx = 0; arrayIdx < arrayNum; arrayIdx++) {
                for (size_t targetIdx = 0; targetIdx < targetDim; targetIdx++) {
                   size_t offset = arrayIdx * arrayLength * targetDim + targetIdx * arrayLength;
                   std::copy(broadcastedData.begin() + arrayIdx * arrayLength,
                      broadcastedData.begin() + (arrayIdx + 1) * arrayLength,
                      newData.begin() + offset);
                }
             }
          } else {
             // If each array has one element
             for (size_t arrayIdx = 0; arrayIdx < arrayNum; arrayIdx++) {
                std::fill(newData.begin() + arrayIdx * targetDim,
                   newData.begin() + (arrayIdx + 1) * targetDim, broadcastedData[arrayIdx]);
             }
          }
          // Update current length
          curLength = newLength;
          // Update broadcasted data
          std::copy(newData.begin(), newData.begin() + newLength, broadcastedData.begin());
       }
       // Update the number of arrays
       arrayNum *= targetDim;
    }
    //return broadcastedData;
 }
 
 // interface where we allocate a new array for broadcasted data
 template<typename T>
 T* CreateBroadcastTensor(const T* data, const std::vector<size_t>& shape, const std::vector<size_t>& targetShape, size_t targetLength) {
    // newShape is an array of size equal to dimension along which we are broadcasting the tensor
    T* broadcastedData = new T[targetLength];
    std::span<T> bData(broadcastedData, broadcastedData+targetLength);
    size_t curLength = ConvertShapeToLength(shape);
    std::span<const T> inData(data, curLength);
    BroadcastTensor<T, std::span<const T>, std::span<T>>(inData, shape, targetShape, bData);
    return broadcastedData;
 }
 // Unidirectional broadcasting shape to targetShape// In unidirectional broadcast - only tensor B can have the shape changed not
 // tensor A - otherwise is a multidirectional broadcast
 template<typename T>
 T* UnidirectionalBroadcast(const T* data, const std::vector<size_t>& shape, const std::vector<size_t>& targetShape) {
    // Prepend shape with ones
    if (shape.size() < targetShape.size()) {
       size_t targetSize = targetShape.size();
       std::vector<size_t> newShape(targetSize, 1);
       size_t offset = targetSize - shape.size();
       std::copy(shape.begin(), shape.end(), newShape.begin() + offset);
       return CreateBroadcastTensor<T>(data, newShape, targetShape, ConvertShapeToLength(targetShape));
    }
    return CreateBroadcastTensor<T>(data, shape, targetShape, ConvertShapeToLength(targetShape));
 }
 
 // Unidirectional broadcasting shape to targetShape using a passed vector to avoid allocations
 template<typename T>
 void UnidirectionalBroadcast(const T* data, const std::vector<size_t>& shape, const std::vector<size_t>& targetShape, std::span<T> broadcastedData) {
    size_t curLength = ConvertShapeToLength(shape);
    std::span<T> inData(const_cast<T*>(data), curLength);
    // Prepend shape with ones
    if (shape.size() < targetShape.size()) {
       size_t targetSize = targetShape.size();
       std::vector<size_t> newShape(targetSize, 1);
       size_t offset = targetSize - shape.size();
       std::copy(shape.begin(), shape.end(), newShape.begin() + offset);
       BroadcastTensor<T>(inData, newShape, targetShape, broadcastedData);
    }
    BroadcastTensor<T, std::span<T>>(inData, shape, targetShape, broadcastedData);
 }
 
 /// compute stride of a tensor given its shape (assume layout is row-major)
 std::vector<size_t> ComputeStrideFromShape(const std::vector<size_t> & shape);
 std::vector<Dim> ComputeStrideFromShape(const std::vector<Dim> & shape);
 
 /// function to check if a >> 0 and a < MAX using a single comparison
 //// use trick casting to unsigned values so it becomes a single comparison
 inline bool is_a_ge_zero_and_a_lt_b(int a, int b) {
    return static_cast<unsigned>(a) < static_cast<unsigned>(b);
 }
 
 
 /// im2col : efficient function to re-arrange input data of convolution to a matrix
 /// that can be used by BLAS
 /// Use trick to loop on each element of filtered region first and follow input data layout
 /// By doing this reads and writes are of consecutive data in memory and one gains in efficiency
 /// The resulting matrix will be already transposed and can be used directly in BLAS
 /// since output will be a matrix : (channels*kernel_h*kernel_w , output_h*output_w)
 /// Example: with an input matrix
 ///    a1 a2 a3
 ///    b1 b2 b3    and a 2x2 kernel    (k1,k2,k3,k4) and padding 1 :
 ///    c1 c2 c3
 ///     outpout will be a matrix (4 x 16)
 ///  the routine will follow output order :
 //     first all elements which will be operated by k1 then k2 then k3
 ///  -> ( 0  0  0  0  0  a1 a2 a3 0  b1 b2 b3  0 c1 c2 c3  )    all elements for k1
 ///     ( 0  0  0  0  a1 a2 a3  0 b1 b2 b3  0 c1 c2 c3  0  )     for k2
 ///     ( 0  a1 a2 a3 0  b1 b2 b3 0  c1 c2 c3  0  0  0  0  )     for k3
 ///     ( a1 a2 a3 0  b1 b2 b3  0 c1 c2 c3  0  0  0  0  0  )     for k4
 ///
 
 template <typename T>
 void Im2col(const T *data_im, const int channels, const int height, const int width, const int kernel_h,
                 const int kernel_w, const int pad_h, const int pad_w, const int stride_h, const int stride_w,
                 const int dilation_h, const int dilation_w, T *data_col)
 {
    const int output_h = (height + 2 * pad_h - (dilation_h * (kernel_h - 1) + 1)) / stride_h + 1;
    const int output_w = (width + 2 * pad_w - (dilation_w * (kernel_w - 1) + 1)) / stride_w + 1;
    const int channel_size = height * width;
    for (int channel = channels; channel--; data_im += channel_size) {
       for (int kernel_row = 0; kernel_row < kernel_h; kernel_row++) {
          for (int kernel_col = 0; kernel_col < kernel_w; kernel_col++) {
             int input_row = -pad_h + kernel_row * dilation_h;
             for (int output_rows = output_h; output_rows; output_rows--) {
                if (!is_a_ge_zero_and_a_lt_b(input_row, height)) {
                   for (int output_cols = output_w; output_cols; output_cols--) {
                      *(data_col++) = 0;
                   }
                } else {
                   int input_col = -pad_w + kernel_col * dilation_w;
                   for (int output_col = output_w; output_col; output_col--) {
                      if (is_a_ge_zero_and_a_lt_b(input_col, width)) {
                         *(data_col++) = data_im[input_row * width + input_col];
                      } else {
                         *(data_col++) = 0;
                      }
                      input_col += stride_w;
                   }
                }
                input_row += stride_h;
             }
          }
       }
    }
 }
 
 /// 3d implementation
 template <typename T>
 void Im2col_3d(const T *data_im, const int channels,
             const int depth, const int height, const int width,
             const int kernel_d, const int kernel_h, const int kernel_w,
             const int pad_d, const int pad_h, const int pad_w,
             const int stride_d, const int stride_h, const int stride_w,
             const int dilation_d, const int dilation_h,  const int dilation_w, T *data_col)
 {
    const int output_h = (height + 2 * pad_h - (dilation_h * (kernel_h - 1) + 1)) / stride_h + 1;
    const int output_w = (width + 2 * pad_w - (dilation_w * (kernel_w - 1) + 1)) / stride_w + 1;
    const int output_d = (depth + 2 * pad_d - (dilation_d * (kernel_d - 1) + 1)) / stride_d + 1;
    const int channel_size = height * width * depth;
    // assume data are c x d x h x w
    for (int channel = channels; channel--; data_im += channel_size) {
       for (int kernel_depth = 0; kernel_depth < kernel_d; kernel_depth++) {
          for (int kernel_row = 0; kernel_row < kernel_h; kernel_row++) {
             for (int kernel_col = 0; kernel_col < kernel_w; kernel_col++) {
                int input_dep = -pad_d + kernel_depth * dilation_d;
                for (int output_dep = output_d; output_dep; output_dep--) {
                   if (!is_a_ge_zero_and_a_lt_b(input_dep, depth)) {
                      for (int output_rows = output_h; output_rows; output_rows--) {
                         for (int output_cols = output_w; output_cols; output_cols--) {
                            *(data_col++) = 0;
                         }
                      }
                   } else {
                      int input_row = -pad_h + kernel_row * dilation_h;
                      for (int output_rows = output_h; output_rows; output_rows--) {
                         if (!is_a_ge_zero_and_a_lt_b(input_row, height)) {
                            for (int output_cols = output_w; output_cols; output_cols--) {
                               *(data_col++) = 0;
                            }
                         } else {
                            int input_col = -pad_w + kernel_col * dilation_w;
                            for (int output_col = output_w; output_col; output_col--) {
                               if (is_a_ge_zero_and_a_lt_b(input_col, width)) {
                                  *(data_col++) = data_im[input_dep * width * height + input_row * width + input_col];
                               } else {
                                  *(data_col++) = 0;
                               }
                               input_col += stride_w;
                            }
                         }
                         input_row += stride_h;
                      }
                   }
                   input_dep += stride_d;
                }
             }
          }
       }
    }
 }
 
 template <typename Dtype>
 void col2im(const Dtype* data_col, const int channels,
     const int height, const int width, const int kernel_h, const int kernel_w,
     const int pad_h, const int pad_w,
     const int stride_h, const int stride_w,
     const int dilation_h, const int dilation_w,
     Dtype* data_im) {
    // note that output data_im needs to be set to zero value!!!!
    std::fill(data_im, data_im + height * width * channels, 0.);
   //caffe_set(height * width * channels, Dtype(0), data_im);
   // data_im must be a zero vector
   //const Dtype * data_col_0 = data_col;
   const int output_h = (height + 2 * pad_h -
     (dilation_h * (kernel_h - 1) + 1)) / stride_h + 1;
   const int output_w = (width + 2 * pad_w -
     (dilation_w * (kernel_w - 1) + 1)) / stride_w + 1;
   const int channel_size = height * width;
   for (int channel = channels; channel--; data_im += channel_size) {
     for (int kernel_row = 0; kernel_row < kernel_h; kernel_row++) {
       for (int kernel_col = 0; kernel_col < kernel_w; kernel_col++) {
         int input_row = -pad_h + kernel_row * dilation_h;
         for (int output_rows = output_h; output_rows; output_rows--) {
           if (!is_a_ge_zero_and_a_lt_b(input_row, height)) {
             data_col += output_w;
           } else {
             int input_col = -pad_w + kernel_col * dilation_w;
             for (int output_col = output_w; output_col; output_col--) {
               if (is_a_ge_zero_and_a_lt_b(input_col, width)) {
                 //assert(input_row*width+input_col < height * width * channels);
                 //assert(data_col - data_col_0 < output_h*output_w*channels);
                //  std::cout << "COL2IM: input_row" << "  " << input_row << "  " << input_col
                //       << " <---- " << data_col - data_col_0 << " values:  "
                //       << data_im[input_row * width + input_col] << " <--- " << *data_col << std::endl;
                 data_im[input_row * width + input_col] += *data_col;
               }
               data_col++;
               input_col += stride_w;
             }
           }
           input_row += stride_h;
         }
       }
     }
   }
   //std::cout << "finishing col2imp" << std::endl;
 }
 
 // Used at the end of infer() to fill the return object.
 template <class T>
 void FillOutput(T const *arr, std::vector<T> &out, std::size_t n)
 {
    out.resize(n);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
       out[i] = arr[i];
    }
 }
 
 }  // end namespace UTILITY
 
 namespace BLAS{
 extern "C" void sgemm_(const char * transa, const char * transb, const int * m, const int * n, const int * k,
                        const float * alpha, const float * A, const int * lda, const float * B, const int * ldb,
                        const float * beta, float * C, const int * ldc);
 }//BLAS
 
 
 struct GNN_Data {
       RTensor<float> node_data;      // the node feature data, tensor with shape (num_nodes, num_node_features)
       RTensor<float> edge_data;      // the edge feature data, tensor with shape (num_edges, num_edge_features)
       RTensor<float> global_data;    // the global features, tensor with shape (1, num_global_features)
       RTensor<int> edge_index;       // the edge index (receivers and senders for each edge), tensor with shape (2, num_edges)
                                      // edge_index[0,:] are the receivers and edge_index[1,:] are the senders
 
 
       // need to have default constructor since RTensor has not one
       GNN_Data(): node_data(RTensor<float>({})), edge_data(RTensor<float>({})), global_data(RTensor<float>({})), edge_index(RTensor<int>({})) {}
 
 };
 
 template<typename T>
 TMVA::Experimental::RTensor<T> Concatenate( TMVA::Experimental::RTensor<T> & t1,  TMVA::Experimental::RTensor<T> & t2, int axis = 0)
 {
    // concatenate tensor along axis. Shape must be the same except in the dimension of the concatenated axis
    if (t1.GetMemoryLayout() != t2.GetMemoryLayout())
       throw std::runtime_error("TMVA RTensor Concatenate - tensors have different memory layout");
    auto & shape1 = t1.GetShape();
    auto & shape2 = t2.GetShape();
    if (t1.GetSize()/shape1[axis] != t2.GetSize()/shape2[axis]) {
       std::cout << "axis " << axis << " sizes " << t1.GetSize() << " " << t2.GetSize() << "  ";
       std::cout << "shape 1 : " << ConvertShapeToString(t1.GetShape());
       std::cout << " shape 2 : " << ConvertShapeToString(t2.GetShape()) << std::endl;
       throw std::runtime_error("TMVA RTensor Concatenate - tensors have incompatible shapes");
    }
    std::vector<size_t> outShape = shape1;
    outShape[axis] = shape1[axis] + shape2[axis];
    TMVA::Experimental::RTensor<T> tout(outShape, t1.GetMemoryLayout());
    if (t1.GetMemoryLayout() == TMVA::Experimental::MemoryLayout::ColumnMajor) {
       throw std::runtime_error("TMVA RTensor Concatenate is not yet supported for column major tensors");
    }
 
    auto & stride1 = t1.GetStrides();
    auto & stride2 = t2.GetStrides();
    auto & outStride = tout.GetStrides();
 
    size_t s1 = (axis > 0) ? stride1[axis-1] : t1.GetSize();  // block size to copy from first tensor
    size_t s2 = (axis > 0) ? stride2[axis-1] : t2.GetSize();  // block size to copy from second tensor
    size_t sout = (axis > 0) ? outStride[axis-1] : tout.GetSize();
    size_t nb = t1.GetSize()/s1;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < nb; i++) {
       std::copy(t1.GetData() + i*s1, t1.GetData() + (i+1)*s1, tout.GetData() + i * sout );
       std::copy(t2.GetData() + i*s2, t2.GetData() + (i+1)*s2, tout.GetData() + i * sout + s1 );
    }
 
    return tout;
 }
 
 
 inline GNN_Data Concatenate(GNN_Data & data1, GNN_Data & data2, int axis = 0) {
    GNN_Data out;
    out.node_data = Concatenate(data1.node_data,data2.node_data, axis);
    out.edge_data = Concatenate(data1.edge_data,data2.edge_data, axis);
    out.global_data = Concatenate<float>(data1.global_data,data2.global_data, axis-1);
    // assume sender/receivers of data1 and data2 are the same
    out.edge_index = data1.edge_index.Copy();
    return out;
 }
 
 inline GNN_Data Copy(const GNN_Data & data) {
    GNN_Data out;
    out.node_data = RTensor<float>(data.node_data.GetShape());
    out.edge_data = RTensor<float>(data.edge_data.GetShape());
    out.global_data = RTensor<float>(data.global_data.GetShape());
    out.edge_index = RTensor<int>(data.edge_index.GetShape());
    std::copy(data.node_data.GetData(), data.node_data.GetData()+ data.node_data.GetSize(), out.node_data.GetData());
    std::copy(data.edge_data.GetData(), data.edge_data.GetData()+ data.edge_data.GetSize(), out.edge_data.GetData());
    std::copy(data.global_data.GetData(), data.global_data.GetData()+ data.global_data.GetSize(), out.global_data.GetData());
    std::copy(data.edge_index.GetData(), data.edge_index.GetData()+ data.edge_index.GetSize(), out.edge_index.GetData());
    return out;
 }
 
 inline void Gemm_Call(float *output, bool transa, bool transb, int m, int n, int k, float alpha, const float *A,
                       const float *B, float beta, const float *C)
 {
    char ct = 't';
    char cn = 'n';
    const int *lda = transa ? &k : &m;
    const int *ldb = transb ? &n : &k;
    const int *ldc = &m;
    if (C != nullptr) {
       std::copy(C, C + m * n, output);
    }
    TMVA::Experimental::SOFIE::BLAS::sgemm_(transa ? &ct : &cn, transb ? &ct : &cn, &m, &n, &k, &alpha, A, lda, B, ldb,
                                            &beta, output, ldc);
 }
 
 template <class T>
 void ReadTensorFromStream(std::istream &is, T &target, std::string const &expectedName, std::size_t expectedLength)
 {
    std::string name;
    std::size_t length;
    is >> name >> length;
    if (name != expectedName) {
       std::string err_msg =
          "TMVA-SOFIE failed to read the correct tensor name; expected name is " + expectedName + " , read " + name;
       throw std::runtime_error(err_msg);
    }
    if (length != expectedLength) {
       std::string err_msg = "TMVA-SOFIE failed to read the correct tensor size; expected size is " +
                             std::to_string(expectedLength) + " , read " + std::to_string(length);
       throw std::runtime_error(err_msg);
    }
    for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
       is >> target[i];
    }
    if (is.fail()) {
       throw std::runtime_error("TMVA-SOFIE failed to read the values for tensor " + expectedName);
    }
 }
 
 } // namespace SOFIE
 } // namespace Experimental
 } // namespace TMVA
 
 #endif //TMVA_SOFIE_COMMON

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