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 // @(#)root/tmva $Id$
 // Author: Rustem Ospanov
 
 /**********************************************************************************
  * Project: TMVA - a Root-integrated toolkit for multivariate data analysis       *
  * Package: TMVA                                                                  *
  * Class  : Node                                                                  *
  *                                             *
  *                                                                                *
  * Description:                                                                   *
  *      kd-tree (binary tree) template                                            *
  *                                                                                *
  * Author:                                                                        *
  *      Rustem Ospanov <rustem@fnal.gov> - U. of Texas at Austin, USA             *
  *                                                                                *
  * Copyright (c) 2007:                                                            *
  *      CERN, Switzerland                                                         *
  *      MPI-K Heidelberg, Germany                                                 *
  *      U. of Texas at Austin, USA                                                *
  *                                                                                *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without             *
  * modification, are permitted according to the terms listed in LICENSE           *
  * (see tmva/doc/LICENSE)                                          *
  **********************************************************************************/
 
 #ifndef ROOT_TMVA_NodekNN
 #define ROOT_TMVA_NodekNN
 
 // C++
 #include <cassert>
 #include <list>
 #include <string>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <utility>
 
 // ROOT
 #include "RtypesCore.h"
 
 /*! \class TMVA::kNN::Node
 \ingroup TMVA
 This file contains binary tree and global function template
 that searches tree for k-nearest neigbors
 
 Node class template parameter T has to provide these functions:
   rtype GetVar(UInt_t) const;
   - rtype is any type convertible to Float_t
   UInt_t GetNVar(void) const;
   rtype GetWeight(void) const;
   - rtype is any type convertible to Double_t
 
 Find function template parameter T has to provide these functions:
 (in addition to above requirements)
   rtype GetDist(Float_t, UInt_t) const;
   - rtype is any type convertible to Float_t
   rtype GetDist(const T &) const;
   - rtype is any type convertible to Float_t
 
   where T::GetDist(Float_t, UInt_t) <= T::GetDist(const T &)
   for any pair of events and any variable number for these events
 */
 
 namespace TMVA
 {
    namespace kNN
    {
       template <class T>
          class Node
          {
 
          public:
 
             Node(const Node *parent, const T &event, Int_t mod);
             ~Node();
 
             const Node* Add(const T &event, UInt_t depth);
 
             void SetNodeL(Node *node);
             void SetNodeR(Node *node);
 
             const T& GetEvent() const;
 
             const Node* GetNodeL() const;
             const Node* GetNodeR() const;
             const Node* GetNodeP() const;
 
             Double_t GetWeight() const;
 
             Float_t GetVarDis() const;
             Float_t GetVarMin() const;
             Float_t GetVarMax() const;
 
             UInt_t GetMod() const;
 
             void Print() const;
             void Print(std::ostream& os, const std::string &offset = "") const;
 
          private:
 
             // these methods are private and not implemented by design
             // use provided public constructor for all uses of this template class
             Node();
             Node(const Node &);
             const Node& operator=(const Node &);
 
          private:
 
             const Node* fNodeP;
 
             Node* fNodeL;
             Node* fNodeR;
 
             const T fEvent;
 
             const Float_t fVarDis;
 
             Float_t fVarMin;
             Float_t fVarMax;
 
             const UInt_t fMod;
          };
 
       // recursive search for k-nearest neighbor: k = nfind
       template<class T>
          UInt_t Find(std::list<std::pair<const Node<T> *, Float_t> > &nlist,
                      const Node<T> *node, const T &event, UInt_t nfind);
 
       // recursive search for k-nearest neighbor
       // find k events with sum of event weights >= nfind
       template<class T>
          UInt_t Find(std::list<std::pair<const Node<T> *, Float_t> > &nlist,
                      const Node<T> *node, const T &event, Double_t nfind, Double_t ncurr);
 
       // recursively travel upward until root node is reached
       template <class T>
          UInt_t Depth(const Node<T> *node);
 
       // prInt_t node content and content of its children
       //template <class T>
       //std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Node<T> &node);
 
       //
       // Inlined functions for Node template
       //
       template <class T>
          inline void Node<T>::SetNodeL(Node<T> *node)
          {
             fNodeL = node;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline void Node<T>::SetNodeR(Node<T> *node)
          {
             fNodeR = node;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline const T& Node<T>::GetEvent() const
          {
             return fEvent;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline const Node<T>* Node<T>::GetNodeL() const
          {
             return fNodeL;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline const Node<T>* Node<T>::GetNodeR() const
          {
             return fNodeR;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline const Node<T>* Node<T>::GetNodeP() const
          {
             return fNodeP;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline Double_t Node<T>::GetWeight() const
          {
             return fEvent.GetWeight();
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline Float_t Node<T>::GetVarDis() const
          {
             return fVarDis;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline Float_t Node<T>::GetVarMin() const
          {
             return fVarMin;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline Float_t Node<T>::GetVarMax() const
          {
             return fVarMax;
          }
 
       template <class T>
          inline UInt_t Node<T>::GetMod() const
          {
             return fMod;
          }
 
       //
       // Inlined global function(s)
       //
       template <class T>
          inline UInt_t Depth(const Node<T> *node)
          {
             if (!node) return 0;
             else return Depth(node->GetNodeP()) + 1;
          }
 
    } // end of kNN namespace
 } // end of TMVA namespace
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 template<class T>
 TMVA::kNN::Node<T>::Node(const Node<T> *parent, const T &event, const Int_t mod)
 :fNodeP(parent),
    fNodeL(nullptr),
    fNodeR(nullptr),
    fEvent(event),
    fVarDis(event.GetVar(mod)),
    fVarMin(fVarDis),
    fVarMax(fVarDis),
    fMod(mod)
 {}
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 template<class T>
 TMVA::kNN::Node<T>::~Node()
 {
    if (fNodeL) delete fNodeL;
    if (fNodeR) delete fNodeR;
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 /// This is Node member function that adds a new node to a binary tree.
 /// each node contains maximum and minimum values of splitting variable
 /// left or right nodes are added based on value of splitting variable
 
 template<class T>
 const TMVA::kNN::Node<T>* TMVA::kNN::Node<T>::Add(const T &event, const UInt_t depth)
 {
 
    assert(fMod == depth % event.GetNVar() && "Wrong recursive depth in Node<>::Add");
 
    const Float_t value = event.GetVar(fMod);
 
    fVarMin = std::min(fVarMin, value);
    fVarMax = std::max(fVarMax, value);
 
    Node<T> *node = nullptr;
    if (value < fVarDis) {
       if (fNodeL)
          {
             return fNodeL->Add(event, depth + 1);
          }
       else {
          fNodeL = new Node<T>(this, event, (depth + 1) % event.GetNVar());
          node = fNodeL;
       }
    }
    else {
       if (fNodeR) {
          return fNodeR->Add(event, depth + 1);
       }
       else {
          fNodeR = new Node<T>(this, event, (depth + 1) % event.GetNVar());
          node = fNodeR;
       }
    }
 
    return node;
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 template<class T>
 void TMVA::kNN::Node<T>::Print() const
 {
    Print(std::cout);
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 template<class T>
 void TMVA::kNN::Node<T>::Print(std::ostream& os, const std::string &offset) const
 {
    os << offset << "-----------------------------------------------------------" << std::endl;
    os << offset << "Node: mod " << fMod
       << " at " << fVarDis
       << " with weight: " << GetWeight() << std::endl
       << offset << fEvent;
 
    if (fNodeL) {
       os << offset << "Has left node " << std::endl;
    }
    if (fNodeR) {
       os << offset << "Has right node" << std::endl;
    }
 
    if (fNodeL) {
       os << offset << "PrInt_t left node " << std::endl;
       fNodeL->Print(os, offset + " ");
    }
    if (fNodeR) {
       os << offset << "PrInt_t right node" << std::endl;
       fNodeR->Print(os, offset + " ");
    }
 
    if (!fNodeL && !fNodeR) {
       os << std::endl;
    }
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 /// This is a global templated function that searches for k-nearest neighbors.
 /// list contains k or less nodes that are closest to event.
 /// only nodes with positive weights are added to list.
 /// each node contains maximum and minimum values of splitting variable
 /// for all its children - this range is checked to avoid descending into
 /// nodes that are definitely outside current minimum neighbourhood.
 ///
 /// This function should be modified with care.
 
 template<class T>
 UInt_t TMVA::kNN::Find(std::list<std::pair<const TMVA::kNN::Node<T> *, Float_t> > &nlist,
                        const TMVA::kNN::Node<T> *node, const T &event, const UInt_t nfind)
 {
    if (!node || nfind < 1) {
       return 0;
    }
 
    const Float_t value = event.GetVar(node->GetMod());
 
    if (node->GetWeight() > 0.0) {
 
       Float_t max_dist = 0.0;
 
       if (!nlist.empty()) {
 
          max_dist = nlist.back().second;
 
          if (nlist.size() == nfind) {
             if (value > node->GetVarMax() &&
                 event.GetDist(node->GetVarMax(), node->GetMod()) > max_dist) {
                return 0;
             }
             if (value < node->GetVarMin() &&
                 event.GetDist(node->GetVarMin(), node->GetMod()) > max_dist) {
                return 0;
             }
          }
       }
 
       const Float_t distance = event.GetDist(node->GetEvent());
 
       Bool_t insert_this = kFALSE;
       Bool_t remove_back = kFALSE;
 
       if (nlist.size() < nfind) {
          insert_this = kTRUE;
       }
       else if (nlist.size() == nfind) {
          if (distance < max_dist) {
             insert_this = kTRUE;
             remove_back = kTRUE;
          }
       }
       else {
          std::cerr << "TMVA::kNN::Find() - logic error in recursive procedure" << std::endl;
          return 1;
       }
 
       if (insert_this) {
          // need typename keyword because qualified dependent names
          // are not valid types unless preceded by 'typename'.
          typename std::list<std::pair<const Node<T> *, Float_t> >::iterator lit = nlist.begin();
 
          // find a place where current node should be inserted
          for (; lit != nlist.end(); ++lit) {
             if (distance < lit->second) {
                break;
             }
             else {
                continue;
             }
          }
 
          nlist.insert(lit, std::pair<const Node<T> *, Float_t>(node, distance));
 
          if (remove_back) {
             nlist.pop_back();
          }
       }
    }
 
    UInt_t count = 1;
    if (node->GetNodeL() && node->GetNodeR()) {
       if (value < node->GetVarDis()) {
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeL(), event, nfind);
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeR(), event, nfind);
       }
       else {
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeR(), event, nfind);
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeL(), event, nfind);
       }
    }
    else {
       if (node->GetNodeL()) {
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeL(), event, nfind);
       }
       if (node->GetNodeR()) {
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeR(), event, nfind);
       }
    }
 
    return count;
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 /// This is a global templated function that searches for k-nearest neighbors.
 /// list contains all nodes that are closest to event
 /// and have sum of event weights >= nfind.
 /// Only nodes with positive weights are added to list.
 /// Requirement for used classes:
 ///  - each node contains maximum and minimum values of splitting variable
 ///    for all its children
 ///  - min and max range is checked to avoid descending into
 ///    nodes that are definitely outside current minimum neighbourhood.
 ///
 /// This function should be modified with care.
 
 template<class T>
 UInt_t TMVA::kNN::Find(std::list<std::pair<const TMVA::kNN::Node<T> *, Float_t> > &nlist,
                        const TMVA::kNN::Node<T> *node, const T &event, const Double_t nfind, Double_t ncurr)
 {
 
    if (!node || !(nfind < 0.0)) {
       return 0;
    }
 
    const Float_t value = event.GetVar(node->GetMod());
 
    if (node->GetWeight() > 0.0) {
 
       Float_t max_dist = 0.0;
 
       if (!nlist.empty()) {
 
          max_dist = nlist.back().second;
 
          if (!(ncurr < nfind)) {
             if (value > node->GetVarMax() &&
                 event.GetDist(node->GetVarMax(), node->GetMod()) > max_dist) {
                return 0;
             }
             if (value < node->GetVarMin() &&
                 event.GetDist(node->GetVarMin(), node->GetMod()) > max_dist) {
                return 0;
             }
          }
       }
 
       const Float_t distance = event.GetDist(node->GetEvent());
 
       Bool_t insert_this = kFALSE;
 
       if (ncurr < nfind) {
          insert_this = kTRUE;
       }
       else if (!nlist.empty()) {
          if (distance < max_dist) {
             insert_this = kTRUE;
          }
       }
       else {
          std::cerr << "TMVA::kNN::Find() - logic error in recursive procedure" << std::endl;
          return 1;
       }
 
       if (insert_this) {
          // (re)compute total current weight when inserting a new node
          ncurr = 0;
 
          // need typename keyword because qualified dependent names
          // are not valid types unless preceded by 'typename'.
          typename std::list<std::pair<const Node<T> *, Float_t> >::iterator lit = nlist.begin();
 
          // find a place where current node should be inserted
          for (; lit != nlist.end(); ++lit) {
             if (distance < lit->second) {
                break;
             }
 
             ncurr += lit -> first -> GetWeight();
          }
 
          lit = nlist.insert(lit, std::pair<const Node<T> *, Float_t>(node, distance));
 
          for (; lit != nlist.end(); ++lit) {
             ncurr += lit -> first -> GetWeight();
             if (!(ncurr < nfind)) {
                ++lit;
                break;
             }
          }
 
          if(lit != nlist.end())
             {
                nlist.erase(lit, nlist.end());
             }
       }
    }
 
    UInt_t count = 1;
    if (node->GetNodeL() && node->GetNodeR()) {
       if (value < node->GetVarDis()) {
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeL(), event, nfind, ncurr);
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeR(), event, nfind, ncurr);
       }
       else {
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeR(), event, nfind, ncurr);
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeL(), event, nfind, ncurr);
       }
    }
    else {
       if (node->GetNodeL()) {
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeL(), event, nfind, ncurr);
       }
       if (node->GetNodeR()) {
          count += Find(nlist, node->GetNodeR(), event, nfind, ncurr);
       }
    }
 
    return count;
 }
 
 #endif
 

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