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 \page Examplerdecay02 Example rdecay02
 
   Rdecay02 is created to show how to use the G4RadioactiveDecay process to 
   simulate the decays of radioactive isotopes as well as the induced
   radioactivity resulted from nuclear interactions. 
 
   In this example a simple geometry consists of a cylindric target placed 
   in the centre of a tube detector. Various primary event generation and 
   tallying options are available.
 
 ## GEOMETRY
 
   The world is filled with "Air" and there are two components in it:         
  
   - Target:  A cylinder placed at the origin along the z-axis. The default 
       size of the cylinder is 0.5 cm radius and 1 cm length, and its default 
       material is "CsI".
                   
   - Detector: A tube centered at the origin along the z-axis, with inner 
       radius matching the radius of the target. The default thickness of the 
       tube is 2 cm and it is 5 cm long. The default material is "Germanium".
 
   The user can change the target/detector size and material, using the 
   commands in the directory
 ```
 /rdecay02/det
 ```
    
 ## PHYSICS
 
   The following physics processes are included by default:
 
   - Standard electromagnetic
   - Decay
   - Radioactive Decay
   - Hadronic processes
 
   By default radioactive decay is applied through out the geometry.
   The user can limit it to just the target by commands:
 ```
 /process/had/rdm/noVolumes
 /process/had/rdm/selectVolume Target
 ```
 
 
 ## EVENT: THE PRIMARY GENERATOR
   
   The primary kinematic is a single particle or ion shooted at the 
   centre of the target. The type of the particle and its energy are set in 
   PrimaryGeneratorAction, and can be changed via the G4 build-in commands of
   ParticleGun class (see the macros provided with this example).
   Default is Ne24, at rest.
 
 ## DETECTOR RESPONSE
 
   The relevant informations are collected in TrackingAction or 
   SteppingAction. These include:
 
   - Emission particles in the RadioactiveDecay process: 
     - particle PDGcode,
     - particle kinetic energy,
          - particle creation time,
     - particle weight.
          Note: the residual nuclei is not considered as an emitted particle.
 
   - Radio-Isotopes. All the radioactive isotopes produced in the simulation: 
     - isotope  PDGcode,
     - isotope  creation time,
     - isotope  weight.
  
   - Energy depositions in the target and detector by products of the 
     RadioactiveDecay process: 
     - energy depostion (positive value for target and negative for detector), 
     - time,
     - weight.
   
 
 ## HISTOGRAMS
 
   The test contains 7 built-in 1D histograms, which are managed by
   G4AnalysisManager and its Mmssenger. The histos can be individually 
   activated with the command :
 ```
 /analysis/h1/set id nbBins  valMin valMax unit 
 ```
   where unit is the desired unit for the histo (MeV or keV, etc..)
   (see the macros xxxx.mac).
  
   - histogram 0: The Pulse Height Spectrum (PHS) of the target.
   - histogram 1: The PHS of the detector.
   - histogram 2: The combined PHS of the target and detector.
   - histogram 3: The anti-coincidece PHS of the target.
   - histogram 4: The anti-coincidece PHS of the detector.
   - histogram 5: The coincidece PHS between the target and detector.
   - histogram 6: The emitted particle energy spectrum.
         
   It is assumed the detector and target pulses both have an integration time 
   of 1 microsecond, and the gate is 2 microsecond for the coincidence spectrum.
   The target and detctor have a threshold of 10 keV in the anti-/coincidence 
   modes.
    
   HistoManager includes also 4 ntuples whose contents are described in the above paragraphe
   (detector response) 
   The ntuples can be activated with the command
 ```
 /analysis/ntuple/setActivation
 ```
            
   One can control the name of the analysis file with the command:
 ```
 /analysis/setFileName  name  (default rdecay02)
 ```
     
   It is possible to choose the format of the histogram file : root (default),
   xml, csv, by using namespace in HistoManager.hh
        
   It is also possible to print selected histograms on an ascii file:
 ```
 /analysis/h1/setAscii id
 ```
   All selected histos will be written on a file name.ascii (default rdecay02)
    
   Initially, all histograms but histogram 6 are inactive.  They can all be turned on 
   with the command
 ```
 /analysis/h1/setActivationToAll true
 ```
   or specific histograms can be turned on with the command
 ```
 /analysis/h1/setActivation i true 
 ```
   where i is the histogram index (0,... n).  
   To turn off, set the final argument to false
 
 ## VISUALIZATION
  
   The Visualization Manager is set in the main().
   The initialisation of the drawing is done via the commands 
   /vis/... in the macro vis.mac. To get visualisation:
 ```
 > /control/execute vis.mac
 ```
   The tracks are drawn at the end of event, and erased at the end of run.
   - gamma green   
   - neutron yellow
   - negative particles (e-, ...) red
   - positive particles (e+, ions, ...) blue
         
 ## HOW TO START ?
  
    Execute rdecay02 in 'batch' mode from macro files :
 ```
   % ./rdecay02  run.mac
 ```
                 
    Execute rdecay02 in 'interactive mode' with visualization :
 ```
   % ./rdecay02
   Idle> control/execute debug.mac
   ....
   Idle> type your commands
   ....
   Idle> exit
 ```
 
    - run.mac  : decay of Ne24. A run of 1000 events
    - debug.mac: interactively. One Ne24 decay,
                 with visualization and tracking/verbose
                 
 ## FURTHER EXAMPLES
 
    There are a number of macros files in the ./macros subdirectory, to show 
    the features of the G4RadioactiveDecay process. Most of them will lead to 
    the creation of a Root file in the same name of the macro file.
 
    u238c.mac: shows the decays of the U238 chain in analogue MC mode.
 
    th234c-b.mac: shows the decays of Th234 in variance reduction MC mode. 
       All its secondaies in along the decay chains are generated. The default 
       source profile and decay biasing schemes are used to determine the decay 
       times and weights of the secondaries.
 
    proton.mac: simulation of 1 GeV protons incident on a lead target. 
       The decays of the radio-siotopes created in the proton-lead interactions 
       are simulated with RadioactiveDecay in analogue MC mode.   
 
    proton-beam.mac: same as proton.mac, but the decays of the radio-siotopes 
       created in the proton-lead interactions are simulated with 
       RadioactiveDecay in variance reduction MC mode. The isotopes and those 
       along the decay chains are forced to decay in the time windows specified 
       by the user in file measures.data, and the weights of the decay products 
       are determined by the beam profile as defined in the beam.data file and 
       their decay times. 
 
    neutron.mac: macrofile to show the incident of low energy neutrons on an 
       user specified NaI target and the decays of the induced radio-isotopes.
 
    ne24.mac: this shows the decays of Ne-24 to Na-24 in variance reduction MC 
       mode. Further decays of Na-24 are not simulated by applying the 
       nucleuslimits in RadioactiveDecay. Two runs are carried out.
                   One with the bracjing ratio biasing applied and one without. 
 
    isotopes.mac: to show the decays of a number of different isotopes in a 
       single macro file.
 
    f24.mac: to show the different treatments one can apply to the decays of F24.
       i)   the complete decay chain from F24 to Mg24, in analogue mode; 
       ii)  the complete chain, but in variance reduction mode; 
       iii) restrict to the decay of F24 only in analogue mode; iv) restrict to 
            the decay of F24 only but in variance reduction mode.
 
    as74.mac: The decays of As74 which has a rather complicated decay scheme. 
       i)  in analogue MC mode; 
       ii) in variance reduction MC mode.
     
    UserRadDataPb210Test.mac: show how the user can define its own radioactive 
       decay datafile
     
    UserEvapDataBiTest.mac: show how the user can define its own 
       photo-evaporation datafile 
         
    No252Test.mac: show how to simulate Radoactive decay for nuclei with Z>100 
       based on user datafile

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