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 \page ExampleHadr02 Example Hadr02
 
 
 Example and DMJET: 
 \author V.Ivanchenko, A.Ivanchenko, \n
 UrQMD: Kh Abdel-Waged et al, A. Dotti  \n
 CRMC: A. Ribon (with contributions by T. Pierog and A. Tykhonov) \n
 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland \n
 Geant4 Associate International \n
 University of Bordeaux, CENBG/IN2P3/CNRS \n
 (ESA contract 22712/09/NL/AT)
 
 This example application is providing simulation of ion beam interaction with different 
 targets. Hadronic aspects of beam target interaction are demonstrated in the example 
 including longitudinal profile of energy deposition, spectra of secondary  particles,
 isotope production spectra. The results are presenting in a form of average numbers 
 and histograms. All ion/ion models of Geant4 are available. 
 
 In addition an interface to the FORTRAN code UrQMD-1.3rc developed by Kh, Abdel-Waged et al
 for the KACST/NCMP. UrQMD model by S.A.Bass et al. Prog.Part.Nucl.Phys. 41 (1998) 225
 and M.Bleicher et al. J.Phys. G25 (1999) 1859.
 UrQMD can be used only for ion-ion physics or for all hadronic inelastic interactions.
 
 The interface to the Cosmic Ray Monte Carlo (CRMC) allows to use generators -
 such as EPOS, DPMJET, SIBYLL etc. - for hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions
 at very high energies.
 
 ## INSTALLATION
 
 For simulation with Geant4 native models installation procedure is the same as for 
 other examples.
 
 ## HOW TO RUN
 
 To run the example:
 
 ```
 ./Hadr02 <yourmacro> QGSP_BIC
 ```
 
 The last parameter is optional. It is the name of Geant4 reference Physics List, 
 alternatively Physics List can be defined via environment variable
 
 ```
 setenv PHYSLIST QGSP_BIC
 ```
 
 ## ACTIVATION OF URQMD INTERFACE
 
 UrQMD 1.3 FORTRAN code is NOT provided with Geant4 code-base.
 You can get UrQMD code from UrQMD code website: http://urqmd.org
 The Geant4 interface has been developed and tested against urqmd-1.3cr
 Once the tarball urqmd-1.3cr.tar.gz has been downloaded copy it in the 
 urqmd1_3 directory of this example.
 To compile support for UrQMD interface in the example define the environment
 variable G4_USE_URQMD. i.e. by typing:
 
 ```
 setenv G4_USE_URQMD 1
 ```
 
 Two possible uses of UrQMD interface are possible: use UrQMD code only for
 ion-ion interactions or use the provided UrQMD physics list (all hadron inelastic interactions
 use UrQMD).
 To run the example with UrQMD only for ion-ion physics:
 
 ```
 ./Hadr02 urqmd.in QGSP_BIC
 ```
 
 The last parameter is optional. It is the name of Geant4 reference Physics List on
 top of which a new ion physics is added. Alternatively Physics List can be defined via 
 environment variable
 
 ```
 setenv PHYSLIST QGSP_BIC
 ```
 
 To run the example with the full UrQMD physics:
 
 ```
 ./Hadr02 default.in UrQMD
 ```
 or:
 ```
 setenv PHYSLIST UrQMD
 ./Hadr02 default.in
 ```
 
 UrQMD physics list can be used in any application, releavant headers and source files (*UrQDM*)
 should be copied in your application source tree, together with the urqmd1_3 sub-directory.
 Your application makefile should also be modified following the example of the makefile for this 
 example.
 
 ## ACTIVATION OF CRMC INTERFACE                        
 
 The CRMC (Cosmic Ray Monte Carlo) interface is NOT provided with Geant4 code-base.
 A modified version of the CRMC interface for Geant4 applications has been kindly
 prepared by Tanguy Pierog (IKP) and Andrii Tykhonov (Universite' de Geneve)
 and can be obtained here:
  https://gitlab.ikp.kit.edu/AirShowerPhysics/crmc/-/tree/svn/geant4
 
 Assuming that this special version of CRMC is installed in the subdirectory
 crmc-svn-geant4/ , you need first to build it : please look at the README and
 README_GEANT4_CRMC_INTERFACE files for detailed instructions on how to build it.
 In short:
 
 1. Install BOOST
 2. Install HepMC (and define the corresponding environmental variable HEP_ROOT)
 3. Install FASTJET (and define the corresponding environmental variable
                     FASTJET_ROOT_DIR)
 4. Set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH as follows:
    ```
    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:${HEP_ROOT}/lib:${FASTJET_ROOT_DIR}/lib
    ```
 5. Source the Geant4 script geant4make.sh , e.g.
    ```
    source /your-geant4-installation-dir/share/Geant4-10.7.1/geant4make/geant4make.sh
    ```
 6. Compile:
    ```
    cd crmc-svn-geant4/
    mkdir Build/ ; cd Build/   # Subdirectory where to build and install CRMC
    cmake ../
    make
    make install   # Yes, you need also to install it (in the same directory)!
    ```
 
 After you have built CRMC you can build the Hadr02 application that uses it as follows:
 
 1. Define the following environmental variable (in addition to the environmental
    variables defined above, needed to build CRMC):
    ```
    export G4_USE_CRMC=1
    export CRMCROOT=/your-crmc-installation-dir/crmc-svn-geant4/
    export CPATH=${CPATH}:${CRMCROOT}/Build/src:${CRMCROOT}/src
    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:${CRMCROOT}/Build/lib
    export CRMC_CONFIG_FILE=${CRMCROOT}/Build/crmc.param
    ```
 2. Compile
    ```
    cd /your-geant4/examples/extended/hadronic/Hadr02
    mkdir Build/ ; cd Build/   #  Subdirectory where to build Hadr02
    cmake -DG4_USE_CRMC=ON -DGeant4_DIR=/your-geant4-installation-dir/ ../
    make
    ```
 
 To run the application:
 
 1. Define the following environmental variable (besides the previous ones):
    ``` 
    export PHYSLIST=CRMC_FTFP_BERT
    ```
 2. Run application:
    ```
    cd /your-geant4/examples/extended/hadronic/Hadr02/Build
    ./Hadr02 crmc.in
    ```
 
 which runs the special "CRMC_FTFP_BERT" physics list, defined in this example,
 which consists of using the standard FTFP_BERT physics list for hadrons of
 kinetic energies below 100 GeV, while using CRMC above 110 GeV : in the interval
 between 100 and 110 GeV, there is the transition between FTFP and CRMC (which
 means that one of these two models is randomly chosen for each interaction,
 with a probability which is 100% (0%) for FTFP (CRMC) at 100 GeV, and
 decreases (grows) linearly to 0% (100%) for FTFP (CRMC) at 110 GeV.
 Which of the MC generators of CRMC is actually used is specified in the file: \n
   `include/G4CRMCModel.hh` \n
 (search for string "***LOOKHERE***" : these are the available choices:
  EPOS LHC (0) - the default - , EPOS 1.99 (1), SIBYLL 2.3c (6), and
  DPMJET 3 (12) ).
 
 Notice that we use CRMC only for inelastic final-state of pion- , kaon- ,
 proton- , neutron- and ion-nuclear interactions, whereas for the rest
 (i.e. elastic and inelastic cross sections, elastic final-state interactions,
 hyperon- , antihyperon- , antinucleon- and light anti-ion nuclear interactions)
 we use Geant4 FTFP_BERT.
 
 ## GEOMETRY
 
 The Target volume is a cylinder placed inside Check cylindrical volume. The 
 Check volume is placed inside the World volume. The radius and the length of
 the Check volume are 1 mm larger than the radius and the length of the Target.
 The material of the Check volume is the same as the World material. The World
 volume has the sizes 10 mm larger than that of the Target volume. Any material
 from the Geant4 database can be defined. The default World  material is
 G4Galactic and the default  Target material is aluminum. The Target is
 subdivided on number of equal slices. Following UI commands are available to
 modify the geometry:
 
 ```
 /testhadr/TargetMat     G4_Pb
 /testhadr/WorldMat      G4_AIR
 /testhadr/TargetRadius  10 mm
 /testhadr/TargetLength  20 cm
 /testhadr/NumberDivZ    200
 ```
 
 Beam direction coincides with the target axis and is Z axis in the global
 coordinate system. G4ParticleGun is used as a primary generator. The energy 
 and the type of the beam can be defined via standard UI commands
 
 ```
 /gun/energy   150 GeV
 /gun/particle ion
 /gun/ion 6 12
 ```
 
 Default beam position is -(targetHalfLength + 5*mm) and direction along Z axis.
 Beam position and direction can be changed by gun UI commands:
 
 ```
 /gun/position  1 10 3 mm
 /gun/direction 1 0 0
 ```
 
 however, position command is active only if before it the flag is set
 
 ```
 /testhadr/DefaultBeamPosition false
 ```
  
 ## SCORING
 
 The scoring is performed with the help of UserStackingAction class and a
 sensitive detector class associated with a target slice. 
 Each secondary particle is scored by the StackingAction.  In
 the StackingAction it is also possible to kill all or only EM (e+, e-, gamma)
 secondary particles 
 
 ```
 /testhadr/killAll  
 /testhadr/KillEM
 ```
 
 To control running the following options are available:
 
 ```
 /run/printProgress 10
 ```
 
 ## PHYSICS
 
 PhysicsList of the application uses components, which are distributed with
 Geant4 in /geant4/physics_lists subdirectory. 
 
 Reference Physics Lists are used and the environment variable PHYSLIST should 
 be defined. 
 
 Additionally it is possible to add ion-ion interactions using UI command
 
 ```
 /testhadr/ionPhysics   HIJING
 /testhadr/ionPhysics   QrQMD
 ```
 
 ## VISUALIZATION
 
 The vis.mac file can be used an example of visualization.
 
 ## HISTOGRAMS
 
 It is possible to choose the format of the output file with 
 histograms using UI command:
 
 ```
 /testhadr/histo/fileName   name
 /testhadr/histo/fileType   type
 ```
 
 The following types are available: root, xml(aida). They will be
 stored in the file "name.root", or "name.xml".
 
 
 All histograms are normalized to the number of events.
 

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