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 /*
     pybind11/std_bind.h: Binding generators for STL data types
 
     Copyright (c) 2016 Sergey Lyskov and Wenzel Jakob
 
     All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
     BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 */
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "detail/common.h"
 #include "detail/type_caster_base.h"
 #include "cast.h"
 #include "operators.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <type_traits>
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
 /* SFINAE helper class used by 'is_comparable */
 template <typename T>
 struct container_traits {
     template <typename T2>
     static std::true_type
     test_comparable(decltype(std::declval<const T2 &>() == std::declval<const T2 &>()) *);
     template <typename T2>
     static std::false_type test_comparable(...);
     template <typename T2>
     static std::true_type test_value(typename T2::value_type *);
     template <typename T2>
     static std::false_type test_value(...);
     template <typename T2>
     static std::true_type test_pair(typename T2::first_type *, typename T2::second_type *);
     template <typename T2>
     static std::false_type test_pair(...);
 
     static constexpr const bool is_comparable
         = std::is_same<std::true_type, decltype(test_comparable<T>(nullptr))>::value;
     static constexpr const bool is_pair
         = std::is_same<std::true_type, decltype(test_pair<T>(nullptr, nullptr))>::value;
     static constexpr const bool is_vector
         = std::is_same<std::true_type, decltype(test_value<T>(nullptr))>::value;
     static constexpr const bool is_element = !is_pair && !is_vector;
 };
 
 /* Default: is_comparable -> std::false_type */
 template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
 struct is_comparable : std::false_type {};
 
 /* For non-map data structures, check whether operator== can be instantiated */
 template <typename T>
 struct is_comparable<
     T,
     enable_if_t<container_traits<T>::is_element && container_traits<T>::is_comparable>>
     : std::true_type {};
 
 /* For a vector/map data structure, recursively check the value type
    (which is std::pair for maps) */
 template <typename T>
 struct is_comparable<T, enable_if_t<container_traits<T>::is_vector>> {
     static constexpr const bool value = is_comparable<typename T::value_type>::value;
 };
 
 /* For pairs, recursively check the two data types */
 template <typename T>
 struct is_comparable<T, enable_if_t<container_traits<T>::is_pair>> {
     static constexpr const bool value = is_comparable<typename T::first_type>::value
                                         && is_comparable<typename T::second_type>::value;
 };
 
 /* Fallback functions */
 template <typename, typename, typename... Args>
 void vector_if_copy_constructible(const Args &...) {}
 template <typename, typename, typename... Args>
 void vector_if_equal_operator(const Args &...) {}
 template <typename, typename, typename... Args>
 void vector_if_insertion_operator(const Args &...) {}
 template <typename, typename, typename... Args>
 void vector_modifiers(const Args &...) {}
 
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_>
 void vector_if_copy_constructible(enable_if_t<is_copy_constructible<Vector>::value, Class_> &cl) {
     cl.def(init<const Vector &>(), "Copy constructor");
 }
 
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_>
 void vector_if_equal_operator(enable_if_t<is_comparable<Vector>::value, Class_> &cl) {
     using T = typename Vector::value_type;
 
     cl.def(self == self);
     cl.def(self != self);
 
     cl.def(
         "count",
         [](const Vector &v, const T &x) { return std::count(v.begin(), v.end(), x); },
         arg("x"),
         "Return the number of times ``x`` appears in the list");
 
     cl.def(
         "remove",
         [](Vector &v, const T &x) {
             auto p = std::find(v.begin(), v.end(), x);
             if (p != v.end()) {
                 v.erase(p);
             } else {
                 throw value_error();
             }
         },
         arg("x"),
         "Remove the first item from the list whose value is x. "
         "It is an error if there is no such item.");
 
     cl.def(
         "__contains__",
         [](const Vector &v, const T &x) { return std::find(v.begin(), v.end(), x) != v.end(); },
         arg("x"),
         "Return true the container contains ``x``");
 }
 
 // Vector modifiers -- requires a copyable vector_type:
 // (Technically, some of these (pop and __delitem__) don't actually require copyability, but it
 // seems silly to allow deletion but not insertion, so include them here too.)
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_>
 void vector_modifiers(
     enable_if_t<is_copy_constructible<typename Vector::value_type>::value, Class_> &cl) {
     using T = typename Vector::value_type;
     using SizeType = typename Vector::size_type;
     using DiffType = typename Vector::difference_type;
 
     auto wrap_i = [](DiffType i, SizeType n) {
         if (i < 0) {
             i += n;
         }
         if (i < 0 || (SizeType) i >= n) {
             throw index_error();
         }
         return i;
     };
 
     cl.def(
         "append",
         [](Vector &v, const T &value) { v.push_back(value); },
         arg("x"),
         "Add an item to the end of the list");
 
     cl.def(init([](const iterable &it) {
         auto v = std::unique_ptr<Vector>(new Vector());
         v->reserve(len_hint(it));
         for (handle h : it) {
             v->push_back(h.cast<T>());
         }
         return v.release();
     }));
 
     cl.def(
         "clear", [](Vector &v) { v.clear(); }, "Clear the contents");
 
     cl.def(
         "extend",
         [](Vector &v, const Vector &src) { v.insert(v.end(), src.begin(), src.end()); },
         arg("L"),
         "Extend the list by appending all the items in the given list");
 
     cl.def(
         "extend",
         [](Vector &v, const iterable &it) {
             const size_t old_size = v.size();
             v.reserve(old_size + len_hint(it));
             try {
                 for (handle h : it) {
                     v.push_back(h.cast<T>());
                 }
             } catch (const cast_error &) {
                 v.erase(v.begin() + static_cast<typename Vector::difference_type>(old_size),
                         v.end());
                 try {
                     v.shrink_to_fit();
                 } catch (const std::exception &) {
                     // Do nothing
                 }
                 throw;
             }
         },
         arg("L"),
         "Extend the list by appending all the items in the given list");
 
     cl.def(
         "insert",
         [](Vector &v, DiffType i, const T &x) {
             // Can't use wrap_i; i == v.size() is OK
             if (i < 0) {
                 i += v.size();
             }
             if (i < 0 || (SizeType) i > v.size()) {
                 throw index_error();
             }
             v.insert(v.begin() + i, x);
         },
         arg("i"),
         arg("x"),
         "Insert an item at a given position.");
 
     cl.def(
         "pop",
         [](Vector &v) {
             if (v.empty()) {
                 throw index_error();
             }
             T t = std::move(v.back());
             v.pop_back();
             return t;
         },
         "Remove and return the last item");
 
     cl.def(
         "pop",
         [wrap_i](Vector &v, DiffType i) {
             i = wrap_i(i, v.size());
             T t = std::move(v[(SizeType) i]);
             v.erase(std::next(v.begin(), i));
             return t;
         },
         arg("i"),
         "Remove and return the item at index ``i``");
 
     cl.def("__setitem__", [wrap_i](Vector &v, DiffType i, const T &t) {
         i = wrap_i(i, v.size());
         v[(SizeType) i] = t;
     });
 
     /// Slicing protocol
     cl.def(
         "__getitem__",
         [](const Vector &v, const slice &slice) -> Vector * {
             size_t start = 0, stop = 0, step = 0, slicelength = 0;
 
             if (!slice.compute(v.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength)) {
                 throw error_already_set();
             }
 
             auto *seq = new Vector();
             seq->reserve((size_t) slicelength);
 
             for (size_t i = 0; i < slicelength; ++i) {
                 seq->push_back(v[start]);
                 start += step;
             }
             return seq;
         },
         arg("s"),
         "Retrieve list elements using a slice object");
 
     cl.def(
         "__setitem__",
         [](Vector &v, const slice &slice, const Vector &value) {
             size_t start = 0, stop = 0, step = 0, slicelength = 0;
             if (!slice.compute(v.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength)) {
                 throw error_already_set();
             }
 
             if (slicelength != value.size()) {
                 throw std::runtime_error(
                     "Left and right hand size of slice assignment have different sizes!");
             }
 
             for (size_t i = 0; i < slicelength; ++i) {
                 v[start] = value[i];
                 start += step;
             }
         },
         "Assign list elements using a slice object");
 
     cl.def(
         "__delitem__",
         [wrap_i](Vector &v, DiffType i) {
             i = wrap_i(i, v.size());
             v.erase(v.begin() + i);
         },
         "Delete the list elements at index ``i``");
 
     cl.def(
         "__delitem__",
         [](Vector &v, const slice &slice) {
             size_t start = 0, stop = 0, step = 0, slicelength = 0;
 
             if (!slice.compute(v.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength)) {
                 throw error_already_set();
             }
 
             if (step == 1 && false) {
                 v.erase(v.begin() + (DiffType) start, v.begin() + DiffType(start + slicelength));
             } else {
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < slicelength; ++i) {
                     v.erase(v.begin() + DiffType(start));
                     start += step - 1;
                 }
             }
         },
         "Delete list elements using a slice object");
 }
 
 // If the type has an operator[] that doesn't return a reference (most notably std::vector<bool>),
 // we have to access by copying; otherwise we return by reference.
 template <typename Vector>
 using vector_needs_copy
     = negation<std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<Vector>()[typename Vector::size_type()]),
                             typename Vector::value_type &>>;
 
 // The usual case: access and iterate by reference
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_>
 void vector_accessor(enable_if_t<!vector_needs_copy<Vector>::value, Class_> &cl) {
     using T = typename Vector::value_type;
     using SizeType = typename Vector::size_type;
     using DiffType = typename Vector::difference_type;
     using ItType = typename Vector::iterator;
 
     auto wrap_i = [](DiffType i, SizeType n) {
         if (i < 0) {
             i += n;
         }
         if (i < 0 || (SizeType) i >= n) {
             throw index_error();
         }
         return i;
     };
 
     cl.def(
         "__getitem__",
         [wrap_i](Vector &v, DiffType i) -> T & {
             i = wrap_i(i, v.size());
             return v[(SizeType) i];
         },
         return_value_policy::reference_internal // ref + keepalive
     );
 
     cl.def(
         "__iter__",
         [](Vector &v) {
             return make_iterator<return_value_policy::reference_internal, ItType, ItType, T &>(
                 v.begin(), v.end());
         },
         keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep list alive while iterator exists */
     );
 }
 
 // The case for special objects, like std::vector<bool>, that have to be returned-by-copy:
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_>
 void vector_accessor(enable_if_t<vector_needs_copy<Vector>::value, Class_> &cl) {
     using T = typename Vector::value_type;
     using SizeType = typename Vector::size_type;
     using DiffType = typename Vector::difference_type;
     using ItType = typename Vector::iterator;
     cl.def("__getitem__", [](const Vector &v, DiffType i) -> T {
         if (i < 0 && (i += v.size()) < 0) {
             throw index_error();
         }
         if ((SizeType) i >= v.size()) {
             throw index_error();
         }
         return v[(SizeType) i];
     });
 
     cl.def(
         "__iter__",
         [](Vector &v) {
             return make_iterator<return_value_policy::copy, ItType, ItType, T>(v.begin(), v.end());
         },
         keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep list alive while iterator exists */
     );
 }
 
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_>
 auto vector_if_insertion_operator(Class_ &cl, std::string const &name)
     -> decltype(std::declval<std::ostream &>() << std::declval<typename Vector::value_type>(),
                 void()) {
     using size_type = typename Vector::size_type;
 
     cl.def(
         "__repr__",
         [name](Vector &v) {
             std::ostringstream s;
             s << name << '[';
             for (size_type i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
                 s << v[i];
                 if (i != v.size() - 1) {
                     s << ", ";
                 }
             }
             s << ']';
             return s.str();
         },
         "Return the canonical string representation of this list.");
 }
 
 // Provide the buffer interface for vectors if we have data() and we have a format for it
 // GCC seems to have "void std::vector<bool>::data()" - doing SFINAE on the existence of data()
 // is insufficient, we need to check it returns an appropriate pointer
 template <typename Vector, typename = void>
 struct vector_has_data_and_format : std::false_type {};
 template <typename Vector>
 struct vector_has_data_and_format<
     Vector,
     enable_if_t<std::is_same<decltype(format_descriptor<typename Vector::value_type>::format(),
                                       std::declval<Vector>().data()),
                              typename Vector::value_type *>::value>> : std::true_type {};
 
 // [workaround(intel)] Separate function required here
 // Workaround as the Intel compiler does not compile the enable_if_t part below
 // (tested with icc (ICC) 2021.1 Beta 20200827)
 template <typename... Args>
 constexpr bool args_any_are_buffer() {
     return detail::any_of<std::is_same<Args, buffer_protocol>...>::value;
 }
 
 // [workaround(intel)] Separate function required here
 // [workaround(msvc)] Can't use constexpr bool in return type
 
 // Add the buffer interface to a vector
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_, typename... Args>
 void vector_buffer_impl(Class_ &cl, std::true_type) {
     using T = typename Vector::value_type;
 
     static_assert(vector_has_data_and_format<Vector>::value,
                   "There is not an appropriate format descriptor for this vector");
 
     // numpy.h declares this for arbitrary types, but it may raise an exception and crash hard
     // at runtime if PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE hasn't been called, so check here
     format_descriptor<T>::format();
 
     cl.def_buffer([](Vector &v) -> buffer_info {
         return buffer_info(v.data(),
                            static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(T)),
                            format_descriptor<T>::format(),
                            1,
                            {v.size()},
                            {sizeof(T)});
     });
 
     cl.def(init([](const buffer &buf) {
         auto info = buf.request();
         if (info.ndim != 1 || info.strides[0] % static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(T))) {
             throw type_error("Only valid 1D buffers can be copied to a vector");
         }
         if (!detail::compare_buffer_info<T>::compare(info)
             || (ssize_t) sizeof(T) != info.itemsize) {
             throw type_error("Format mismatch (Python: " + info.format
                              + " C++: " + format_descriptor<T>::format() + ")");
         }
 
         T *p = static_cast<T *>(info.ptr);
         ssize_t step = info.strides[0] / static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(T));
         T *end = p + info.shape[0] * step;
         if (step == 1) {
             return Vector(p, end);
         }
         Vector vec;
         vec.reserve((size_t) info.shape[0]);
         for (; p != end; p += step) {
             vec.push_back(*p);
         }
         return vec;
     }));
 
     return;
 }
 
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_, typename... Args>
 void vector_buffer_impl(Class_ &, std::false_type) {}
 
 template <typename Vector, typename Class_, typename... Args>
 void vector_buffer(Class_ &cl) {
     vector_buffer_impl<Vector, Class_, Args...>(
         cl, detail::any_of<std::is_same<Args, buffer_protocol>...>{});
 }
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 //
 // std::vector
 //
 template <typename Vector, typename holder_type = std::unique_ptr<Vector>, typename... Args>
 class_<Vector, holder_type> bind_vector(handle scope, std::string const &name, Args &&...args) {
     using Class_ = class_<Vector, holder_type>;
 
     // If the value_type is unregistered (e.g. a converting type) or is itself registered
     // module-local then make the vector binding module-local as well:
     using vtype = typename Vector::value_type;
     auto *vtype_info = detail::get_type_info(typeid(vtype));
     bool local = !vtype_info || vtype_info->module_local;
 
     Class_ cl(scope, name.c_str(), pybind11::module_local(local), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 
     // Declare the buffer interface if a buffer_protocol() is passed in
     detail::vector_buffer<Vector, Class_, Args...>(cl);
 
     cl.def(init<>());
 
     // Register copy constructor (if possible)
     detail::vector_if_copy_constructible<Vector, Class_>(cl);
 
     // Register comparison-related operators and functions (if possible)
     detail::vector_if_equal_operator<Vector, Class_>(cl);
 
     // Register stream insertion operator (if possible)
     detail::vector_if_insertion_operator<Vector, Class_>(cl, name);
 
     // Modifiers require copyable vector value type
     detail::vector_modifiers<Vector, Class_>(cl);
 
     // Accessor and iterator; return by value if copyable, otherwise we return by ref + keep-alive
     detail::vector_accessor<Vector, Class_>(cl);
 
     cl.def(
         "__bool__",
         [](const Vector &v) -> bool { return !v.empty(); },
         "Check whether the list is nonempty");
 
     cl.def("__len__", &Vector::size);
 
 #if 0
     // C++ style functions deprecated, leaving it here as an example
     cl.def(init<size_type>());
 
     cl.def("resize",
          (void (Vector::*) (size_type count)) & Vector::resize,
          "changes the number of elements stored");
 
     cl.def("erase",
         [](Vector &v, SizeType i) {
         if (i >= v.size())
             throw index_error();
         v.erase(v.begin() + i);
     }, "erases element at index ``i``");
 
     cl.def("empty",         &Vector::empty,         "checks whether the container is empty");
     cl.def("size",          &Vector::size,          "returns the number of elements");
     cl.def("push_back", (void (Vector::*)(const T&)) &Vector::push_back, "adds an element to the end");
     cl.def("pop_back",                               &Vector::pop_back, "removes the last element");
 
     cl.def("max_size",      &Vector::max_size,      "returns the maximum possible number of elements");
     cl.def("reserve",       &Vector::reserve,       "reserves storage");
     cl.def("capacity",      &Vector::capacity,      "returns the number of elements that can be held in currently allocated storage");
     cl.def("shrink_to_fit", &Vector::shrink_to_fit, "reduces memory usage by freeing unused memory");
 
     cl.def("clear", &Vector::clear, "clears the contents");
     cl.def("swap",   &Vector::swap, "swaps the contents");
 
     cl.def("front", [](Vector &v) {
         if (v.size()) return v.front();
         else throw index_error();
     }, "access the first element");
 
     cl.def("back", [](Vector &v) {
         if (v.size()) return v.back();
         else throw index_error();
     }, "access the last element ");
 
 #endif
 
     return cl;
 }
 
 //
 // std::map, std::unordered_map
 //
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
 /* Fallback functions */
 template <typename, typename, typename... Args>
 void map_if_insertion_operator(const Args &...) {}
 template <typename, typename, typename... Args>
 void map_assignment(const Args &...) {}
 
 // Map assignment when copy-assignable: just copy the value
 template <typename Map, typename Class_>
 void map_assignment(
     enable_if_t<is_copy_assignable<typename Map::mapped_type>::value, Class_> &cl) {
     using KeyType = typename Map::key_type;
     using MappedType = typename Map::mapped_type;
 
     cl.def("__setitem__", [](Map &m, const KeyType &k, const MappedType &v) {
         auto it = m.find(k);
         if (it != m.end()) {
             it->second = v;
         } else {
             m.emplace(k, v);
         }
     });
 }
 
 // Not copy-assignable, but still copy-constructible: we can update the value by erasing and
 // reinserting
 template <typename Map, typename Class_>
 void map_assignment(enable_if_t<!is_copy_assignable<typename Map::mapped_type>::value
                                     && is_copy_constructible<typename Map::mapped_type>::value,
                                 Class_> &cl) {
     using KeyType = typename Map::key_type;
     using MappedType = typename Map::mapped_type;
 
     cl.def("__setitem__", [](Map &m, const KeyType &k, const MappedType &v) {
         // We can't use m[k] = v; because value type might not be default constructable
         auto r = m.emplace(k, v);
         if (!r.second) {
             // value type is not copy assignable so the only way to insert it is to erase it
             // first...
             m.erase(r.first);
             m.emplace(k, v);
         }
     });
 }
 
 template <typename Map, typename Class_>
 auto map_if_insertion_operator(Class_ &cl, std::string const &name)
     -> decltype(std::declval<std::ostream &>() << std::declval<typename Map::key_type>()
                                                << std::declval<typename Map::mapped_type>(),
                 void()) {
 
     cl.def(
         "__repr__",
         [name](Map &m) {
             std::ostringstream s;
             s << name << '{';
             bool f = false;
             for (auto const &kv : m) {
                 if (f) {
                     s << ", ";
                 }
                 s << kv.first << ": " << kv.second;
                 f = true;
             }
             s << '}';
             return s.str();
         },
         "Return the canonical string representation of this map.");
 }
 
 template <typename KeyType>
 struct keys_view {
     virtual size_t len() = 0;
     virtual iterator iter() = 0;
     virtual bool contains(const KeyType &k) = 0;
     virtual bool contains(const object &k) = 0;
     virtual ~keys_view() = default;
 };
 
 template <typename MappedType>
 struct values_view {
     virtual size_t len() = 0;
     virtual iterator iter() = 0;
     virtual ~values_view() = default;
 };
 
 template <typename KeyType, typename MappedType>
 struct items_view {
     virtual size_t len() = 0;
     virtual iterator iter() = 0;
     virtual ~items_view() = default;
 };
 
 template <typename Map, typename KeysView>
 struct KeysViewImpl : public KeysView {
     explicit KeysViewImpl(Map &map) : map(map) {}
     size_t len() override { return map.size(); }
     iterator iter() override { return make_key_iterator(map.begin(), map.end()); }
     bool contains(const typename Map::key_type &k) override { return map.find(k) != map.end(); }
     bool contains(const object &) override { return false; }
     Map &map;
 };
 
 template <typename Map, typename ValuesView>
 struct ValuesViewImpl : public ValuesView {
     explicit ValuesViewImpl(Map &map) : map(map) {}
     size_t len() override { return map.size(); }
     iterator iter() override { return make_value_iterator(map.begin(), map.end()); }
     Map &map;
 };
 
 template <typename Map, typename ItemsView>
 struct ItemsViewImpl : public ItemsView {
     explicit ItemsViewImpl(Map &map) : map(map) {}
     size_t len() override { return map.size(); }
     iterator iter() override { return make_iterator(map.begin(), map.end()); }
     Map &map;
 };
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 template <typename Map, typename holder_type = std::unique_ptr<Map>, typename... Args>
 class_<Map, holder_type> bind_map(handle scope, const std::string &name, Args &&...args) {
     using KeyType = typename Map::key_type;
     using MappedType = typename Map::mapped_type;
     using StrippedKeyType = detail::remove_cvref_t<KeyType>;
     using StrippedMappedType = detail::remove_cvref_t<MappedType>;
     using KeysView = detail::keys_view<StrippedKeyType>;
     using ValuesView = detail::values_view<StrippedMappedType>;
     using ItemsView = detail::items_view<StrippedKeyType, StrippedMappedType>;
     using Class_ = class_<Map, holder_type>;
 
     // If either type is a non-module-local bound type then make the map binding non-local as well;
     // otherwise (e.g. both types are either module-local or converting) the map will be
     // module-local.
     auto *tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(MappedType));
     bool local = !tinfo || tinfo->module_local;
     if (local) {
         tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(KeyType));
         local = !tinfo || tinfo->module_local;
     }
 
     Class_ cl(scope, name.c_str(), pybind11::module_local(local), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     static constexpr auto key_type_descr = detail::make_caster<KeyType>::name;
     static constexpr auto mapped_type_descr = detail::make_caster<MappedType>::name;
     std::string key_type_name(key_type_descr.text), mapped_type_name(mapped_type_descr.text);
 
     // If key type isn't properly wrapped, fall back to C++ names
     if (key_type_name == "%") {
         key_type_name = detail::type_info_description(typeid(KeyType));
     }
     // Similarly for value type:
     if (mapped_type_name == "%") {
         mapped_type_name = detail::type_info_description(typeid(MappedType));
     }
 
     // Wrap KeysView[KeyType] if it wasn't already wrapped
     if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(KeysView))) {
         class_<KeysView> keys_view(
             scope, ("KeysView[" + key_type_name + "]").c_str(), pybind11::module_local(local));
         keys_view.def("__len__", &KeysView::len);
         keys_view.def("__iter__",
                       &KeysView::iter,
                       keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep view alive while iterator exists */
         );
         keys_view.def("__contains__",
                       static_cast<bool (KeysView::*)(const KeyType &)>(&KeysView::contains));
         // Fallback for when the object is not of the key type
         keys_view.def("__contains__",
                       static_cast<bool (KeysView::*)(const object &)>(&KeysView::contains));
     }
     // Similarly for ValuesView:
     if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(ValuesView))) {
         class_<ValuesView> values_view(scope,
                                        ("ValuesView[" + mapped_type_name + "]").c_str(),
                                        pybind11::module_local(local));
         values_view.def("__len__", &ValuesView::len);
         values_view.def("__iter__",
                         &ValuesView::iter,
                         keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep view alive while iterator exists */
         );
     }
     // Similarly for ItemsView:
     if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(ItemsView))) {
         class_<ItemsView> items_view(
             scope,
             ("ItemsView[" + key_type_name + ", ").append(mapped_type_name + "]").c_str(),
             pybind11::module_local(local));
         items_view.def("__len__", &ItemsView::len);
         items_view.def("__iter__",
                        &ItemsView::iter,
                        keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep view alive while iterator exists */
         );
     }
 
     cl.def(init<>());
 
     // Register stream insertion operator (if possible)
     detail::map_if_insertion_operator<Map, Class_>(cl, name);
 
     cl.def(
         "__bool__",
         [](const Map &m) -> bool { return !m.empty(); },
         "Check whether the map is nonempty");
 
     cl.def(
         "__iter__",
         [](Map &m) { return make_key_iterator(m.begin(), m.end()); },
         keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep map alive while iterator exists */
     );
 
     cl.def(
         "keys",
         [](Map &m) {
             return std::unique_ptr<KeysView>(new detail::KeysViewImpl<Map, KeysView>(m));
         },
         keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep map alive while view exists */
     );
 
     cl.def(
         "values",
         [](Map &m) {
             return std::unique_ptr<ValuesView>(new detail::ValuesViewImpl<Map, ValuesView>(m));
         },
         keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep map alive while view exists */
     );
 
     cl.def(
         "items",
         [](Map &m) {
             return std::unique_ptr<ItemsView>(new detail::ItemsViewImpl<Map, ItemsView>(m));
         },
         keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep map alive while view exists */
     );
 
     cl.def(
         "__getitem__",
         [](Map &m, const KeyType &k) -> MappedType & {
             auto it = m.find(k);
             if (it == m.end()) {
                 throw key_error();
             }
             return it->second;
         },
         return_value_policy::reference_internal // ref + keepalive
     );
 
     cl.def("__contains__", [](Map &m, const KeyType &k) -> bool {
         auto it = m.find(k);
         if (it == m.end()) {
             return false;
         }
         return true;
     });
     // Fallback for when the object is not of the key type
     cl.def("__contains__", [](Map &, const object &) -> bool { return false; });
 
     // Assignment provided only if the type is copyable
     detail::map_assignment<Map, Class_>(cl);
 
     cl.def("__delitem__", [](Map &m, const KeyType &k) {
         auto it = m.find(k);
         if (it == m.end()) {
             throw key_error();
         }
         m.erase(it);
     });
 
     cl.def("__len__", &Map::size);
 
     return cl;
 }
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

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