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 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 /*--- Darwin-specific kernel interface.               vki-darwin.h ---*/
 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 /*
    This file is part of Valgrind, a dynamic binary instrumentation
    framework.
 
    Copyright (C) 2007-2017 Apple Inc.
       Greg Parker  gparker@apple.com
 
    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
    modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
    published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the
    License, or (at your option) any later version.
 
    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
    WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
    General Public License for more details.
 
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
    The GNU General Public License is contained in the file COPYING.
 */
 
 /* Unlike vki-linux, this Darwin kernel interface includes system headers
    directly, to avoid copyright complexity. */
 
 #ifndef __VKI_DARWIN_H
 #define __VKI_DARWIN_H
 
 /* struct __darwin_ucontext isn't fully declared without
  * this definition.  It's crazy but there it is.  */
 #ifndef _XOPEN_SOURCE
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 0500
 #endif
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #define vki_int8_t int8_t
 #define vki_uint8_t uint8_t
 #define vki_int16_t int16_t
 #define vki_uint16_t uint16_t
 #define vki_int32_t int32_t
 #define vki_uint32_t uint32_t
 #define vki_int64_t int64_t
 #define vki_uint64_t uint64_t
 #define vki_intptr_t intptr_t
 #define vki_uintptr_t uintptr_t
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #define vki_dev_t dev_t
 #define vki_mode_t mode_t
 #define vki_ino_t ino_t
 #define vki_ino64_t ino64_t
 #define vki_nlink_t nlink_t
 #define vki_uid_t uid_t
 #define vki_gid_t gid_t
 #define vki_time_t time_t
 #define vki_off_t off_t
 #define vki_blkcnt_t blkcnt_t
 #define vki_blksize_t blksize_t
 #define vki_size_t size_t
 #define vki_ssize_t ssize_t
 #define vki_pid_t pid_t
 #define vki_socklen_t socklen_t
 #define vki_suseconds_t suseconds_t
 #define vki_caddr_t caddr_t
 #define vki_u_long u_long
 #define vki_u_short u_short
 #define vki_clock_t clock_t
 #define vki_u_int32_t u_int32_t
 #define vki_u_int16_t u_int16_t
 #define vki_pthread_t pthread_t
 
 
 // valgrind special
 
 // magic mmap() flags
 #define VKI_MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON  // linux synonym
 
 // See xnu/osfmk/mach/vm_statistics.h
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC 1
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_SMALL 2
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_LARGE 3
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_HUGE 4
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_BRK 5
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_REALLOC 6
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_TINY 7
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_LARGE_REUSABLE 8
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_LARGE_REUSED 9
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ANALYSIS_TOOL 10
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_NANO 11
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_MEDIUM 12
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MALLOC_PROB_GUARD 13
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_MACH_MSG 20
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_IOKIT 21
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_STACK 30
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_GUARD  31
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_SHARED_PMAP 32
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_DYLIB 33
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_OBJC_DISPATCHERS 34
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_UNSHARED_PMAP 35
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_APPKIT 40
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_FOUNDATION 41
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREGRAPHICS 42
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CORESERVICES 43
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_JAVA 44
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREDATA 45
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREDATA_OBJECTIDS 46
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ATS 50
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_LAYERKIT 51
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CGIMAGE 52
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_TCMALLOC 53
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREGRAPHICS_DATA     54
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREGRAPHICS_SHARED   55
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREGRAPHICS_FRAMEBUFFERS     56
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREGRAPHICS_BACKINGSTORES    57
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREGRAPHICS_XALLOC 58
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_DYLD 60
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_DYLD_MALLOC 61
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_SQLITE 62
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_JAVASCRIPT_CORE 63
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_JAVASCRIPT_JIT_EXECUTABLE_ALLOCATOR 64
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_JAVASCRIPT_JIT_REGISTER_FILE 65
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_GLSL  66
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_OPENCL    67
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREIMAGE 68
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_WEBCORE_PURGEABLE_BUFFERS 69
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_IMAGEIO       70
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREPROFILE   71
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ASSETSD       72
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_OS_ALLOC_ONCE 73
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_LIBDISPATCH 74
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ACCELERATE 75
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREUI 76
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREUIFILE 77
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_GENEALOGY 78
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_RAWCAMERA 79
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CORPSEINFO 80
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ASL 81
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_SWIFT_RUNTIME 82
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_SWIFT_METADATA 83
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_DHMM 84
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_SCENEKIT 86
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_SKYWALK 87
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_IOSURFACE 88
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_LIBNETWORK 89
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_AUDIO 90
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_VIDEOBITSTREAM 91
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CM_XPC 92
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CM_RPC 93
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CM_MEMORYPOOL 94
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CM_READCACHE 95
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CM_CRABS 96
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_QUICKLOOK_THUMBNAILS 97
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ACCOUNTS 98
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_SANITIZER 99
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_IOACCELERATOR 100
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CM_REGWARP 101
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_EAR_DECODER 102
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COREUI_CACHED_IMAGE_DATA 103
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_COLORSYNC 104
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_BTINFO 105
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_CM_HLS 106
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ROSETTA 230
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ROSETTA_THREAD_CONTEXT 231
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ROSETTA_INDIRECT_BRANCH_MAP 232
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ROSETTA_RETURN_STACK 233
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ROSETTA_EXECUTABLE_HEAP 234
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ROSETTA_USER_LDT 235
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ROSETTA_ARENA 236
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_ROSETTA_10 239
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_APPLICATION_SPECIFIC_1 240
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_VALGRIND 242
 #define VKI_VM_MEMORY_APPLICATION_SPECIFIC_16 255
 
 // fds for mmap(MAP_ANON), displayed by vmmap
 #define VM_TAG_VALGRIND VM_MAKE_TAG(VKI_VM_MEMORY_VALGRIND)  // SkAnonV
 
 // page sizes
 #define VKI_MAX_PAGE_SHIFT VKI_PAGE_SHIFT
 #define VKI_MAX_PAGE_SIZE VKI_PAGE_SIZE
 
 // pthread
 #define VKI_PTHREAD_START_CUSTOM 0x01000000
 
 // types
 typedef uint32_t vki_u32;
 
 // linux-like ioctl flags
 #define _VKI_IOC_DIR(x)     ((x) & IOC_DIRMASK)
 #define _VKI_IOC_SIZE(x)    IOCPARM_LEN(x)
 #define _VKI_IOC_NONE       IOC_VOID  /* GrP fixme correct? */
 #define _VKI_IOC_READ       IOC_OUT
 #define _VKI_IOC_WRITE      IOC_IN
 
 
 #include <malloc/malloc.h>
 
 #define vki_malloc_zone_t malloc_zone_t
 
 
 #include <sys/time.h>
 
 #define vki_timeval timeval
 #define vki_timeval32 timeval32
 #define vki_tv_sec tv_sec
 #define vki_tv_usec tv_usec
 #define vki_timespec timespec
 #define vki_itimerval itimerval
 #define vki_timezone timezone
 
 
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
 #define VKI_S_ISBLK(m)  S_ISBLK(m)
 #define VKI_S_ISCHR(m)  S_ISCHR(m)
 #define VKI_S_ISDIR(m)  S_ISDIR(m)
 #define VKI_S_ISFIFO(m) S_ISFIFO(m)
 #define VKI_S_ISREG(m)  S_ISREG(m)
 #define VKI_S_ISLNK(m)  S_ISLNK(m)
 #define VKI_S_ISSOCK(m) S_ISSOCK(m)
 #define VKI_S_ISWHT(m)  S_ISWHT(m)
 #define VKI_S_ISXATTR(m) S_ISXATTR(m)
 
 #define VKI_S_IRWXU S_IRWXU
 #define VKI_S_IRUSR S_IRUSR
 #define VKI_S_IWUSR S_IWUSR
 #define VKI_S_IXUSR S_IXUSR
 #define VKI_S_IRWXG S_IRWXG
 #define VKI_S_IRGRP S_IRGRP
 #define VKI_S_IWGRP S_IWGRP
 #define VKI_S_IXGRP S_IXGRP
 #define VKI_S_IRWXO S_IRWXO
 #define VKI_S_IROTH S_IROTH
 #define VKI_S_IWOTH S_IWOTH
 #define VKI_S_IXOTH S_IXOTH
 #define VKI_S_ISUID S_ISUID
 #define VKI_S_ISGID S_ISGID
 #define VKI_S_ISVTX S_ISVTX
 
 #define vki_stat stat
 #define vki_stat64 stat64
 
 #define st_atime      st_atimespec.tv_sec
 #define st_atime_nsec st_atimespec.tv_nsec
 #define st_mtime      st_mtimespec.tv_sec
 #define st_mtime_nsec st_mtimespec.tv_nsec
 #define st_ctime      st_ctimespec.tv_sec
 #define st_ctime_nsec st_ctimespec.tv_nsec
 
 
 #include <sys/dirent.h>
 
 #define VKI_MAXNAMLEN MAXNAMLEN
 #define vki_dirent dirent
 
 
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #define VKI_SOCK_STREAM SOCK_STREAM
 #define VKI_SOCK_DGRAM  SOCK_DGRAM
 #define VKI_SOCK_RAW    SOCK_RAW
 
 #define VKI_AF_UNIX AF_UNIX
 #define VKI_AF_INET AF_INET
 #define VKI_AF_INET6    AF_INET6
 
 #define VKI_SOL_SOCKET  SOL_SOCKET
 
 #define VKI_SO_REUSEADDR SO_REUSEADDR
 
 #define VKI_SO_SNDBUF   SO_SNDBUF
 #define VKI_SO_RCVBUF   SO_RCVBUF
 #define VKI_SO_SNDLOWAT SO_SNDLOWAT
 #define VKI_SO_RCVLOWAT SO_RCVLOWAT
 #define VKI_SO_SNDTIMEO SO_SNDTIMEO
 #define VKI_SO_RCVTIMEO SO_RCVTIMEO
 #define VKI_SO_ERROR    SO_ERROR
 #define VKI_SO_TYPE SO_TYPE
 #define VKI_SO_NREAD    SO_NREAD
 #define VKI_SO_NKE  SO_NKE
 #define VKI_SO_NOSIGPIPE    SO_NOSIGPIPE
 #define VKI_SO_NOADDRERR    SO_NOADDRERR
 #define VKI_SO_NWRITE   SO_NWRITE
 #define VKI_SO_LINGER_SEC   SO_LINGER_SEC
 
 #define vki_sa_family_t sa_family_t
 #define vki_sockaddr sockaddr
 #define vki_iovec iovec
 #define vki_msghdr msghdr
 #define vki_cmsghdr cmsghdr
 
 
 #define VKI_CMSG_ALIGN(a)   __DARWIN_ALIGN32(a)
 #define VKI_CMSG_DATA(cmsg) CMSG_DATA(cmsg)
 #define VKI_CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr) CMSG_FIRSTHDR(mhdr)
 #define VKI_CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cmsg) CMSG_NXTHDR(mhdr, cmsg)
 
 #define VKI_SCM_RIGHTS      SCM_RIGHTS
 #define VKI_SCM_TIMESTAMP   SCM_TIMESTAMP
 #define VKI_SCM_CREDS       SCM_CREDS
 
 
 #include <sys/un.h>
 
 #define vki_sockaddr_un sockaddr_un
 
 
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 
 #define vki_in_addr_t in_addr_t
 #define vki_in_port_t in_port_t
 #define vki_in_addr in_addr
 #define vki_sockaddr_in sockaddr_in
 
 #define VKI_INADDR_LOOPBACK INADDR_LOOPBACK
 
 
 // #include <netinet6/in6.h>
 
 #define vki_in6_addr in6_addr
 #define vki_sockaddr_in6 sockaddr_in6
 
 
 #include <net/if.h>
 
 #define VKI_IFNAMSIZ    IFNAMSIZ
 
 #define vki_ifdevmtu ifdevmtu
 #define vki_ifreq ifreq
 #define vki_ifr_name    ifr_name
 #define vki_ifr_addr    ifr_addr
 #define vki_ifr_dstaddr ifr_dstaddr
 #define vki_ifr_broadaddr   ifr_broadaddr
 #define vki_ifr_flags   ifr_flags
 #define vki_ifr_metric  ifr_metric
 #define vki_ifr_mtu ifr_mtu
 #define vki_ifr_phys    ifr_phys
 #define vki_ifr_media   ifr_media
 #define vki_ifr_data    ifr_data
 #define vki_ifr_devmtu  ifr_devmtu
 #define vki_ifr_intval  ifr_intval
 
 #define vki_ifconf ifconf
 #define vki_ifc_buf     ifc_buf
 #define vki_ifc_req     ifc_req
 
 
 #include <sys/fcntl.h>
 
 #define VKI_SEEK_SET    SEEK_SET
 #define VKI_SEEK_CUR    SEEK_CUR
 #define VKI_SEEK_END    SEEK_END
 
 #define VKI_O_RDONLY    O_RDONLY
 #define VKI_O_WRONLY    O_WRONLY
 #define VKI_O_RDWR  O_RDWR
 #define VKI_O_ACCMODE   O_ACCMODE
 #define VKI_O_NONBLOCK  O_NONBLOCK
 #define VKI_O_APPEND    O_APPEND
 #define VKI_O_SYNC  O_SYN
 #define VKI_O_SHLOCK    O_SHLOCK
 #define VKI_O_EXLOCK    O_EXLOCK
 #define VKI_O_ASYNC O_ASYNC
 #define VKI_O_NOFOLLOW  O_NOFOLLOW
 #define VKI_O_CREAT O_CREAT
 #define VKI_O_TRUNC O_TRUNC
 #define VKI_O_EXCL  O_EXCL
 #define VKI_O_EVTONLY   O_EVTONLY
 
 #define VKI_AT_FDCWD AT_FDCWD
 
 #define VKI_F_DUPFD F_DUPFD
 #define VKI_F_GETFD F_GETFD
 #define VKI_F_SETFD F_SETFD
 #define VKI_F_GETFL F_GETFL
 #define VKI_F_SETFL F_SETFL
 #define VKI_F_GETOWN    F_GETOWN
 #define VKI_F_SETOWN    F_SETOWN
 #define VKI_F_GETLK F_GETLK
 #define VKI_F_SETLK F_SETLK
 #define VKI_F_SETLKW    F_SETLKW
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_10
 #define VKI_F_SETLKWTIMEOUT F_SETLKWTIMEOUT
 #endif
 
 #define VKI_F_CHKCLEAN  F_CHKCLEAN
 #define VKI_F_PREALLOCATE   F_PREALLOCATE
 #define VKI_F_SETSIZE   F_SETSIZE
 #define VKI_F_RDADVISE  F_RDADVISE
 #define VKI_F_RDAHEAD   F_RDAHEAD
 #define VKI_F_READBOOTSTRAP F_READBOOTSTRAP
 #define VKI_F_WRITEBOOTSTRAP    F_WRITEBOOTSTRAP
 #define VKI_F_NOCACHE   F_NOCACHE
 #define VKI_F_LOG2PHYS  F_LOG2PHYS
 #define VKI_F_GETPATH   F_GETPATH
 #define VKI_F_ADDSIGS   F_ADDSIGS
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_9
 # define VKI_F_ADDFILESIGS  F_ADDFILESIGS
 #endif
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_11
 # define VKI_F_ADDFILESIGS_FOR_DYLD_SIM  F_ADDFILESIGS_FOR_DYLD_SIM
 # define VKI_F_BARRIERFSYNC              F_BARRIERFSYNC
 # define VKI_F_ADDFILESIGS_RETURN        F_ADDFILESIGS_RETURN
 #endif
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_14
 # define VKI_F_CHECK_LV                  F_CHECK_LV
 #endif
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_15
 # define VKI_F_SPECULATIVE_READ          F_SPECULATIVE_READ
 #endif
 #define VKI_F_FULLFSYNC F_FULLFSYNC
 #define VKI_F_PATHPKG_CHECK F_PATHPKG_CHECK
 #define VKI_F_FREEZE_FS F_FREEZE_FS
 #define VKI_F_THAW_FS   F_THAW_FS
 #define VKI_F_GLOBAL_NOCACHE    F_GLOBAL_NOCACHE
 #if defined(F_GETPROTECTIONCLASS)
 #define VKI_F_GETPROTECTIONCLASS F_GETPROTECTIONCLASS
 #endif
 
 #define VKI_FD_CLOEXEC  FD_CLOEXEC
 
 #define vki_radvisory radvisory
 #define vki_fstore fstore
 #define vki_fbootstraptransfer fbootstraptransfer
 #define vki_log2phys log2phys
 #define vki_fsignatures_t fsignatures_t
 
 // These constants aren't in a standard header, they are from the kernel code:
 // xnu-1228.3.13/bsd/sys/codesign.h
 // Mac OS X 10.5.6 - Darwin 9.6
 #define VKI_CS_OPS_STATUS           0       /* return status */
 #define VKI_CS_OPS_MARKINVALID      1       /* invalidate process */
 #define VKI_CS_OPS_MARKHARD         2       /* set HARD flag */
 #define VKI_CS_OPS_MARKKILL         3       /* set KILL flag (sticky) */
 #define VKI_CS_OPS_PIDPATH          4       /* get executable's pathname */
 #define VKI_CS_OPS_CDHASH           5       /* get code directory hash */
 
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 
 #define VKI_PROT_NONE   PROT_NONE
 #define VKI_PROT_READ   PROT_READ
 #define VKI_PROT_WRITE  PROT_WRITE
 #define VKI_PROT_EXEC   PROT_EXEC
 
 #define VKI_MAP_SHARED  MAP_SHARED
 #define VKI_MAP_PRIVATE MAP_PRIVATE
 #define VKI_MAP_FIXED   MAP_FIXED
 #define VKI_MAP_RENAME  MAP_RENAME
 #define VKI_MAP_NORESERVE   MAP_NORESERVE
 #define VKI_MAP_RESERVED0080    MAP_RESERVED0080
 #define VKI_MAP_NOEXTEND    MAP_NOEXTEND
 #define VKI_MAP_HASSEMAPHORE    MAP_HASSEMAPHORE
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_11_00
 #define VKI_MAP_NOCACHE MAP_NOCACHE
 #define VKI_MAP_JIT MAP_JIT
 #endif
 #define VKI_MAP_FILE    MAP_FILE
 #define VKI_MAP_ANON    MAP_ANON
 #define VKI_MAP_FAILED  MAP_FAILED
 
 
 #include <mach/vm_param.h>
 
 #define VKI_PAGE_SHIFT PAGE_SHIFT
 #define VKI_PAGE_SIZE PAGE_SIZE
 #define VKI_PAGE_MASK PAGE_MASK
 
 
 #include <sys/vmparam.h>
 
 #define VKI_USRSTACK USRSTACK
 #define VKI_USRSTACK64 USRSTACK64
 
 
 #include <mach/mach_time.h>
 
 #define vki_mach_timebase_info mach_timebase_info
 
 
 #include <sys/syslimits.h>
 
 #define VKI_PATH_MAX PATH_MAX
 
 
 #include <sys/param.h>
 
 #define VKI_MAXPATHLEN MAXPATHLEN
 
 
 #include <sys/signal.h>
 
 /* While we fully intend to make 'vki_sigset_t' match the native
    Darwin 'sigset_t', we can't just clone the Darwin sigset_t type,
    because it isn't an array, and the VG_(sigfillset) etc functions
    assume it is.  So instead define another isomorphic type, and check
    in VG_(vki_do_initial_consistency_checks) that it really is
    correct. */
 /* #define vki_sigset_t sigset_t */
 #define _VKI_NSIG_BPW   32
 #define _VKI_NSIG       32
 #define _VKI_NSIG_WORDS (_VKI_NSIG / _VKI_NSIG_BPW)
 typedef struct {
    UInt sig[_VKI_NSIG_WORDS];
 } vki_sigset_t;
 /* and now let VG_(vki_do_initial_consistency_checks) make sure it
    matches 'sigset_t'. */
 
 
 #define VKI_SS_ONSTACK  SS_ONSTACK
 #define VKI_SS_DISABLE  SS_DISABLE
 #define VKI_MINSIGSTKSZ MINSIGSTKSZ
 #define VKI_SIGSTKSZ    SIGSTKSZ
 
 #define vki_stack_t        stack_t
 #define vki_siginfo_t      siginfo_t
 
 /* There are two versions of this.  'struct __sigaction' is used for
    passing sigactions to the kernel interface, and has the added
    complexity of requiring an extra pointer to a new demultiplexing
    function to be run in user space.  'struct sigaction' is used for
    receiving old sigactions from the kernel, and lacks this
    demux-function pointer.  So the type of the second and third
    parameters in Darwin's sys_sigaction appear to be different,
    respectively 'struct __sigaction*' and 'struct sigaction*'.
 */
 //#define vki_sigaction      __sigaction
 //#define vki_user_sigaction sigaction
 //#define vki_sigaltstack    sigaltstack
 //#define vki_sigval         sigval
 //#define vki_sigaction_u    sigaction_u
 //#define vki_sigaction     sigaction
 
 //typedef  struct __sigaction  vki_sigaction_toK_t;
 //typedef  struct sigaction    vki_sigaction_fromK_t;
 
 #define VKI_UC_TRAD        1
 #define VKI_UC_FLAVOR     30
 
 typedef
    struct {
       void* ksa_handler;
       void (*sa_tramp)(void*,UWord,UWord,void*,void*);
       vki_sigset_t sa_mask;
       int sa_flags;
    }
    vki_sigaction_toK_t;
 
 typedef
    struct {
       void* ksa_handler;
       vki_sigset_t sa_mask;
       int sa_flags;
    }
    vki_sigaction_fromK_t;
 
 
 
 /* and /usr/include/sys/signal.c in turn defines 'sa_handler' to
    be '__sigaction_u.__sa_handler' */
 //#define   ksa_handler      sa_handler
 
 //#define   vki_sa_sigaction sa_sigaction
 
 #define VKI_SA_ONSTACK  SA_ONSTACK
 #define VKI_SA_RESTART  SA_RESTART
 #define VKI_SA_DISABLE  SA_DISABLE
 #define VKI_SA_RESETHAND    SA_RESETHAND
 #define VKI_SA_NOCLDSTOP    SA_NOCLDSTOP
 #define VKI_SA_NODEFER  SA_NODEFER
 #define VKI_SA_NOCLDWAIT    SA_NOCLDWAIT
 #define VKI_SA_SIGINFO  SA_SIGINFO
 #define VKI_SA_USERTRAMP    SA_USERTRAMP
 #define VKI_SA_64REGSET SA_64REGSET
 #define VKI_SA_RESTORER  0 /* Darwin doesn't have this */
 
 #define VKI_SIG_BLOCK   SIG_BLOCK
 #define VKI_SIG_UNBLOCK SIG_UNBLOCK
 #define VKI_SIG_SETMASK SIG_SETMASK
 
 #define VKI_SIGHUP  SIGHUP
 #define VKI_SIGINT  SIGINT
 #define VKI_SIGQUIT SIGQUIT
 #define VKI_SIGILL  SIGILL
 #define VKI_SIGTRAP SIGTRAP
 #define VKI_SIGABRT SIGABRT
 #define VKI_SIGPOLL SIGPOLL
 #define VKI_SIGFPE  SIGFPE
 #define VKI_SIGKILL SIGKILL
 #define VKI_SIGBUS  SIGBUS
 #define VKI_SIGSEGV SIGSEGV
 #define VKI_SIGSYS  SIGSYS
 #define VKI_SIGPIPE SIGPIPE
 #define VKI_SIGALRM SIGALRM
 #define VKI_SIGTERM SIGTERM
 #define VKI_SIGURG  SIGURG
 #define VKI_SIGSTOP SIGSTOP
 #define VKI_SIGTSTP SIGTSTP
 #define VKI_SIGCONT SIGCONT
 #define VKI_SIGCHLD SIGCHLD
 #define VKI_SIGTTIN SIGTTIN
 #define VKI_SIGTTOU SIGTTOU
 #define VKI_SIGIO   SIGIO
 #define VKI_SIGXCPU SIGXCPU
 #define VKI_SIGXFSZ SIGXFSZ
 #define VKI_SIGVTALRM   SIGVTALRM
 #define VKI_SIGPROF SIGPROF
 #define VKI_SIGWINCH    SIGWINCH
 #define VKI_SIGINFO SIGINFO
 #define VKI_SIGUSR1 SIGUSR1
 #define VKI_SIGUSR2 SIGUSR2
 
 #define VKI_SIG_DFL     SIG_DFL
 #define VKI_SIG_IGN     SIG_IGN
 
 
 #define VKI_SI_USER      SI_USER
 #define VKI_SEGV_MAPERR  SEGV_MAPERR
 #define VKI_SEGV_ACCERR  SEGV_ACCERR
 #define VKI_ILL_ILLOPC   ILL_ILLOPC
 #define VKI_ILL_ILLOPN   ILL_ILLOPN
 #define VKI_ILL_ILLADR   ILL_ILLADR
 #define VKI_ILL_ILLTRP   ILL_ILLTRP
 #define VKI_ILL_PRVOPC   ILL_PRVOPC
 #define VKI_ILL_PRVREG   ILL_PRVREG
 #define VKI_ILL_COPROC   ILL_COPROC
 #define VKI_ILL_BADSTK   ILL_BADSTK
 #define VKI_FPE_INTDIV   FPE_INTDIV
 #define VKI_FPE_INTOVF   FPE_INTOVF
 #define VKI_FPE_FLTDIV   FPE_FLTDIV
 #define VKI_FPE_FLTOVF   FPE_FLTOVF
 #define VKI_FPE_FLTUND   FPE_FLTUND
 #define VKI_FPE_FLTRES   FPE_FLTRES
 #define VKI_FPE_FLTINV   FPE_FLTINV
 #define VKI_FPE_FLTSUB   FPE_FLTSUB
 #define VKI_BUS_ADRALN   BUS_ADRALN
 #define VKI_BUS_ADRERR   BUS_ADRERR
 #define VKI_BUS_OBJERR   BUS_OBJERR
 #define VKI_TRAP_BRKPT   TRAP_BRKPT
 #define VKI_CLD_EXITED   CLD_EXITED
 #define VKI_CLD_KILLED   CLD_KILLED
 #define VKI_CLD_DUMPED   CLD_DUMPED
 #define VKI_CLD_TRAPPED  CLD_TRAPPED
 #define VKI_CLD_STOPPED  CLD_STOPPED
 #define VKI_CLD_CONTINUED CLD_CONTINUED
 
 /* JRS: not 100% sure, but I think these two are correct */
 #define VKI_SA_ONESHOT   SA_RESETHAND
 #define VKI_SA_NOMASK    SA_NODEFER
 
 #define VKI_UC_SET_ALT_STACK   0x40000000
 #define VKI_UC_RESET_ALT_STACK 0x80000000
 
 
 #include <sys/errno.h>
 
 #define VKI_EPERM       EPERM
 #define VKI_ENOENT      ENOENT
 #define VKI_ESRCH       ESRCH
 #define VKI_EINTR       EINTR
 #define VKI_EIO         EIO
 #define VKI_ENXIO       ENXIO
 #define VKI_E2BIG       E2BIG
 #define VKI_ENOEXEC     ENOEXEC
 #define VKI_EBADF       EBADF
 #define VKI_ECHILD      ECHILD
 #define VKI_EDEADLK     EDEADLK
 #define VKI_ENOMEM      ENOMEM
 #define VKI_EACCES      EACCES
 #define VKI_EFAULT      EFAULT
 #define VKI_ENOTBLK     ENOTBLK
 #define VKI_EBUSY       EBUSY
 #define VKI_EEXIST      EEXIST
 #define VKI_EXDEV       EXDEV
 #define VKI_ENODEV      ENODEV
 #define VKI_ENOTDIR     ENOTDIR
 #define VKI_EISDIR      EISDIR
 #define VKI_EINVAL      EINVAL
 #define VKI_ENFILE      ENFILE
 #define VKI_EMFILE      EMFILE
 #define VKI_ENOTTY      ENOTTY
 #define VKI_ETXTBSY     ETXTBSY
 #define VKI_EFBIG       EFBIG
 #define VKI_ENOSPC      ENOSPC
 #define VKI_ESPIPE      ESPIPE
 #define VKI_EROFS       EROFS
 #define VKI_EMLINK      EMLINK
 #define VKI_EPIPE       EPIPE
 #define VKI_EDOM        EDOM
 #define VKI_ERANGE      ERANGE
 #define VKI_EAGAIN      EAGAIN
 #define VKI_EWOULDBLOCK     EAGAIN
 #define VKI_EINPROGRESS     EINPROGRESS
 #define VKI_EALREADY        EALREADY
 #define VKI_ENOTSOCK        ENOTSOCK
 #define VKI_EDESTADDRREQ    EDESTADDRREQ
 #define VKI_EMSGSIZE        EMSGSIZE
 #define VKI_EPROTOTYPE      EPROTOTYPE
 #define VKI_ENOPROTOOPT     ENOPROTOOPT
 #define VKI_EPROTONOSUPPORT EPROTONOSUPPORT
 #define VKI_ESOCKTNOSUPPORT ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
 #define VKI_ENOTSUP     ENOTSUP
 #define VKI_EPFNOSUPPORT    EPFNOSUPPORT
 #define VKI_EAFNOSUPPORT    EAFNOSUPPORT
 #define VKI_EADDRINUSE      EADDRINUSE
 #define VKI_EADDRNOTAVAIL   EADDRNOTAVAIL
 #define VKI_ENETDOWN        ENETDOWN
 #define VKI_ENETUNREACH     ENETUNREACH
 #define VKI_ENETRESET       ENETRESET
 #define VKI_ECONNABORTED    ECONNABORTED
 #define VKI_ECONNRESET      ECONNRESET
 #define VKI_ENOBUFS     ENOBUFS
 #define VKI_EISCONN     EISCONN
 #define VKI_ENOTCONN        ENOTCONN
 #define VKI_ESHUTDOWN       ESHUTDOWN
 #define VKI_ETOOMANYREFS    ETOOMANYREFS
 #define VKI_ETIMEDOUT       ETIMEDOUT
 #define VKI_ECONNREFUSED    ECONNREFUSED
 #define VKI_ELOOP       ELOOP
 #define VKI_ENAMETOOLONG    ENAMETOOLONG
 #define VKI_EHOSTDOWN       EHOSTDOWN
 #define VKI_EHOSTUNREACH    EHOSTUNREACH
 #define VKI_ENOTEMPTY       ENOTEMPTY
 #define VKI_EPROCLIM        EPROCLIM
 #define VKI_EUSERS      EUSERS
 #define VKI_EDQUOT      EDQUOT
 #define VKI_ESTALE      ESTALE
 #define VKI_EREMOTE     EREMOTE
 #define VKI_EBADRPC     EBADRPC
 #define VKI_ERPCMISMATCH    ERPCMISMATCH
 #define VKI_EPROGUNAVAIL    EPROGUNAVAIL
 #define VKI_EPROGMISMATCH   EPROGMISMATCH
 #define VKI_EPROCUNAVAIL    EPROCUNAVAIL
 #define VKI_ENOLCK      ENOLCK
 #define VKI_ENOSYS      ENOSYS
 #define VKI_EFTYPE      EFTYPE
 #define VKI_EAUTH       EAUTH
 #define VKI_ENEEDAUTH       ENEEDAUTH
 #define VKI_EPWROFF     EPWROFF
 #define VKI_EDEVERR     EDEVERR
 #define VKI_EOVERFLOW       EOVERFLOW
 #define VKI_EBADEXEC        EBADEXEC
 #define VKI_EBADARCH        EBADARCH
 #define VKI_ESHLIBVERS      ESHLIBVERS
 #define VKI_EBADMACHO       EBADMACHO
 #define VKI_ECANCELED       ECANCELED
 #define VKI_EIDRM       EIDRM
 #define VKI_ENOMSG      ENOMSG
 #define VKI_EILSEQ      EILSEQ
 #define VKI_ENOATTR     ENOATTR
 #define VKI_EBADMSG     EBADMSG
 #define VKI_EMULTIHOP       EMULTIHOP
 #define VKI_ENODATA     ENODATA
 #define VKI_ENOLINK     ENOLINK
 #define VKI_ENOSR       ENOSR
 #define VKI_ENOSTR      ENOSTR
 #define VKI_EPROTO      EPROTO
 #define VKI_ETIME       ETIME
 #define VKI_EOPNOTSUPP      EOPNOTSUPP
 #define VKI_ELAST       ELAST
 
 
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_CPU      RLIMIT_CPU
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_FSIZE    RLIMIT_FSIZE
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_DATA     RLIMIT_DATA
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_STACK    RLIMIT_STACK
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_CORE     RLIMIT_CORE
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_AS       RLIMIT_AD
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_RSS      RLIMIT_AS
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_MEMLOCK  RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_NPROC    RLIMIT_NPROC
 #define VKI_RLIMIT_NOFILE   RLIMIT_NOFILE
 #define VKI_RLIM_NLIMITS    RLIM_NLIMITS
 
 #define vki_rlim_t rlim_t
 #define vki_rlimit rlimit
 #define vki_rusage rusage
 
 
 #include <sys/poll.h>
 
 #define vki_pollfd pollfd
 
 
 #include <sys/ipc.h>
 
 #define VKI_IPC_RMID    IPC_RMID
 #define VKI_IPC_SET IPC_SET
 #define VKI_IPC_STAT    IPC_STAT
 
 #define vki_key_t key_t
 #define vki_ipc_perm ipc_perm
 
 
 #include <sys/sem.h>
 
 #define VKI_GETNCNT GETNCNT
 #define VKI_GETPID  GETPID
 #define VKI_GETVAL  GETVAL
 #define VKI_GETALL  GETALL
 #define VKI_GETZCNT GETZCNT
 #define VKI_SETVAL  SETVAL
 #define VKI_SETALL  SETALL
 
 #define vki_sembuf sembuf
 #define vki_semid_ds semid_ds
 #define vki_semun semun
 
 
 #include <sys/semaphore.h>
 
 #define vki_sem_t sem_t
 
 
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 
 #define VKI_MFSNAMELEN  MFSNAMELEN
 #define VKI_MNAMELEN    MNAMELEN
 
 #define vki_fsid fsid
 #define vki_fsid_t fsid_t
 #define vki_statfs statfs
 #define vki_statfs64 statfs64
 
 
 #include <sys/select.h>
 
 #define vki_fd_set fd_set
 
 
 #include <sys/msgbuf.h>
 
 #define VKI_MSG_BSIZE   MSG_BSIZE
 #define VKI_MSG_MAGIC   MSG_MAGIC
 #define vki_msgbuf msgbuf
 
 
 #include <sys/shm.h>
 
 #define VKI_SHM_RDONLY  SHM_RDONLY
 #define VKI_SHM_RND SHM_RND
 #define VKI_SHMLBA  SHMLBA
 
 #define vki_shmid_ds shmid_ds
 
 
 #include <sys/times.h>
 
 #define vki_tms tms
 
 
 #include <sys/utsname.h>
 
 #define _VKI_SYS_NAMELEN    _SYS_NAMELEN
 #define vki_new_utsname utsname
 
 
 #include <sys/unistd.h>
 
 #define VKI_F_OK    F_OK
 #define VKI_X_OK    X_OK
 #define VKI_W_OK    W_OK
 #define VKI_R_OK    R_OK
 
 #define vki_accessx_descriptor         accessx_descriptor
 #define VKI_ACCESSX_MAX_DESCRIPTORS    ACCESSX_MAX_DESCRIPTORS
 
 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
 
 #define VKI_CTL_MAXNAME     CTL_MAXNAME
 
 #define VKI_CTL_UNSPEC      CTL_UNSPEC
 #define VKI_CTL_KERN        CTL_KERN
 #define VKI_CTL_VM      CTL_VM
 #define VKI_CTL_VFS     CTL_VFS
 #define VKI_CTL_NET     CTL_NET
 #define VKI_CTL_DEBUG       CTL_DEBUG
 #define VKI_CTL_HW      CTL_HW
 #define VKI_CTL_MACHDEP     CTL_MACHDEP
 #define VKI_CTL_USER        CTL_USER
 #define VKI_CTL_MAXID       CTL_MAXID
 
 #define VKI_HW_MACHINE      HW_MACHINE
 #define VKI_HW_MODEL        HW_MODEL
 #define VKI_HW_NCPU     HW_NCPU
 #define VKI_HW_BYTEORDER    HW_BYTEORDER
 #define VKI_HW_PHYSMEM      HW_PHYSMEM
 #define VKI_HW_USERMEM      HW_USERMEM
 #define VKI_HW_PAGESIZE     HW_PAGESIZE
 #define VKI_HW_DISKNAMES    HW_DISKNAMES
 #define VKI_HW_DISKSTATS    HW_DISKSTATS
 #define VKI_HW_EPOCH        HW_EPOCH
 #define VKI_HW_FLOATINGPT   HW_FLOATINGPT
 #define VKI_HW_MACHINE_ARCH HW_MACHINE_ARCH
 #define VKI_HW_VECTORUNIT   HW_VECTORUNIT
 #define VKI_HW_BUS_FREQ     HW_BUS_FREQ
 #define VKI_HW_CPU_FREQ     HW_CPU_FREQ
 #define VKI_HW_CACHELINE    HW_CACHELINE
 #define VKI_HW_L1ICACHESIZE HW_L1ICACHESIZE
 #define VKI_HW_L1DCACHESIZE HW_L1DCACHESIZE
 #define VKI_HW_L2SETTINGS   HW_L2SETTINGS
 #define VKI_HW_L2CACHESIZE  HW_L2CACHESIZE
 #define VKI_HW_L3SETTINGS   HW_L3SETTINGS
 #define VKI_HW_L3CACHESIZE  HW_L3CACHESIZE
 #define VKI_HW_TB_FREQ      HW_TB_FREQ
 #define VKI_HW_MEMSIZE      HW_MEMSIZE
 #define VKI_HW_AVAILCPU     MW_AVAILCPU
 #define VKI_HW_MAXID        MW_MAXID
 
 #define VKI_KERN_USRSTACK32 KERN_USRSTACK32
 #define VKI_KERN_USRSTACK64 KERN_USRSTACK64
 
 
 #include <sys/attr.h>
 
 #define vki_attrlist attrlist
 
 
 #include <sys/event.h>
 
 #define vki_kevent kevent
 #define vki_kevent64 kevent64_s
 
 // xnu_root/bsd/sys/event.h
 
 struct vki_kevent_qos_s {
     uint64_t    ident;      /* identifier for this event */
     int16_t     filter;     /* filter for event */
     uint16_t    flags;      /* general flags */
     int32_t     qos;        /* quality of service */
     uint64_t    udata;      /* opaque user data identifier */
     uint32_t    fflags;     /* filter-specific flags */
     uint32_t    xflags;     /* extra filter-specific flags */
     int64_t     data;       /* filter-specific data */
     uint64_t    ext[4];     /* filter-specific extensions */
 };
 
 #include <sys/ev.h>
 
 typedef struct eventreq vki_eventreq;
 
 
 #include <sys/acl.h>
 
 #define vki_kauth_filesec kauth_filesec
 
 
 #include <sys/ptrace.h>
 
 #define VKI_PTRACE_TRACEME   PT_TRACE_ME
 #define VKI_PTRACE_DETACH    PT_DETACH
 
 
 // sqlite/src/os_unix.c
 
 struct ByteRangeLockPB2
 {
     unsigned long long offset;        /* offset to first byte to lock */
     unsigned long long length;        /* nbr of bytes to lock */
     unsigned long long retRangeStart; /* nbr of 1st byte locked if successful */
     unsigned char unLockFlag;         /* 1 = unlock, 0 = lock */
     unsigned char startEndFlag;       /* 1=rel to end of fork, 0=rel to start */
     int fd;                           /* file desc to assoc this lock with */
 };
 
 #define afpfsByteRangeLock2FSCTL _IOWR('z', 23, struct ByteRangeLockPB2)
 
 #define vki_ByteRangeLockPB2 ByteRangeLockPB2
 #define VKI_afpfsByteRangeLock2FSCTL afpfsByteRangeLock2FSCTL
 
 
 // xnu/bsd/sys/fsctl.h
 
 #define VKI_FSIOC_SYNC_VOLUME        _IOW('A', 1, uint32_t)
 
 
 // libpthread/kern/workqueue_internal.h
 
 #define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_ADD                    1
 #define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_REMOVE                 2
 #define VKI_WQOPS_THREAD_RETURN                4  /* parks the thread back into the kernel */
 #define VKI_WQOPS_THREAD_SETCONC               8
 #define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_NEWSPISUPP            16  /* check for newer SPI support */
 #define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_REQTHREADS            32  /* request number of threads of a prio */
 #define VKI_WQOPS_QUEUE_REQTHREADS2           48  /* request a number of threads in a given priority bucket */
 #define VKI_WQOPS_THREAD_KEVENT_RETURN        64  /* parks the thread after delivering the passed kevent array */
 #define VKI_WQOPS_SET_EVENT_MANAGER_PRIORITY 128  /* max() in the provided priority in the the priority of the event manager */
 #define VKI_WQOPS_THREAD_WORKLOOP_RETURN     256  /* parks the thread after delivering the passed kevent array */
 #define VKI_WQOPS_SHOULD_NARROW              512  /* checks whether we should narrow our concurrency */
 #define VKI_WQOPS_SETUP_DISPATCH            1024  /* setup pthread workqueue-related operations */
 
 #define VKI_WORKQ_DISPATCH_CONFIG_VERSION        2
 #define VKI_WORKQ_DISPATCH_MIN_SUPPORTED_VERSION 1
 #define VKI_WORKQ_DISPATCH_SUPPORTED_FLAGS       0
 
 
 #include <sys/ttycom.h>
 
 #define vki_winsize winsize
 
 #define VKI_TIOCMODG    TIOCMODG
 #define VKI_TIOCMODS    TIOCMODS
 #define VKI_TIOCEXCL    TIOCEXCL
 #define VKI_TIOCNXCL    TIOCNXCL
 #define VKI_TIOCFLUSH   TIOCFLUSH
 #define VKI_TIOCGETA    TIOCGETA
 #define VKI_TIOCSETA    TIOCSETA
 #define VKI_TIOCSETAW   TIOCSETAW
 #define VKI_TIOCSETAF   TIOCSETAF
 #define VKI_TIOCGETD    TIOCGETD
 #define VKI_TIOCSETD    TIOCSETD
 #define VKI_TIOCSBRK    TIOCSBRK
 #define VKI_TIOCCBRK    TIOCCBRK
 #define VKI_TIOCSDTR    TIOCSDTR
 #define VKI_TIOCCDTR    TIOCCDTR
 #define VKI_TIOCGPGRP   TIOCGPGRP
 #define VKI_TIOCSPGRP   TIOCSPGRP
 #define VKI_TIOCOUTQ    TIOCOUTQ
 #define VKI_TIOCSTI TIOCSTI
 #define VKI_TIOCNOTTY   TIOCNOTTY
 #define VKI_TIOCPKT TIOCPKT
 #define VKI_TIOCSTOP    TIOCSTOP
 #define VKI_TIOCSTART   TIOCSTART
 #define VKI_TIOCMSET    TIOCMSET
 #define VKI_TIOCMBIS    TIOCMBIS
 #define VKI_TIOCMBIC    TIOCMBIC
 #define VKI_TIOCMGET    TIOCMGET
 #define VKI_TIOCREMOTE  TIOCREMOTE
 #define VKI_TIOCGWINSZ  TIOCGWINSZ
 #define VKI_TIOCSWINSZ  TIOCSWINSZ
 #define VKI_TIOCUCNTL   TIOCUCNTL
 #define VKI_TIOCSTAT    TIOCSTAT
 #define VKI_UIOCCMD(n)  UIOCCMD(n)
 #define VKI_TIOCSCONS   TIOCSCONS
 #define VKI_TIOCCONS    TIOCCONS
 #define VKI_TIOCSCTTY   TIOCSCTTY
 #define VKI_TIOCEXT TIOCEXT
 #define VKI_TIOCSIG TIOCSIG
 #define VKI_TIOCDRAIN   TIOCDRAIN
 #define VKI_TIOCMSDTRWAIT   TIOCMSDTRWAIT
 #define VKI_TIOCMGDTRWAIT   TIOCMGDTRWAIT
 #define VKI_TIOCTIMESTAMP   TIOCTIMESTAMP
 #define VKI_TIOCDCDTIMESTAMP    TIOCDCDTIMESTAMP
 #define VKI_TIOCSDRAINWAIT  TIOCSDRAINWAIT
 #define VKI_TIOCGDRAINWAIT  TIOCGDRAINWAIT
 #define VKI_TIOCDSIMICROCODE    TIOCDSIMICROCODE
 #define VKI_TIOCPTYGRANT    TIOCPTYGRANT
 #define VKI_TIOCPTYGNAME    TIOCPTYGNAME
 #define VKI_TIOCPTYUNLK TIOCPTYUNLK
 
 
 #include <sys/filio.h>
 
 #define VKI_FIOCLEX FIOCLEX
 #define VKI_FIONCLEX    FIONCLEX
 #define VKI_FIONREAD    FIONREAD
 #define VKI_FIONBIO FIONBIO
 #define VKI_FIOASYNC    FIOASYNC
 #define VKI_FIOSETOWN   FIOSETOWN
 #define VKI_FIOGETOWN   FIOGETOWN
 #define VKI_FIODTYPE    FIODTYPE
 
 
 #include <sys/sockio.h>
 
 #define VKI_SIOCSHIWAT  SIOCSHIWAT
 #define VKI_SIOCGHIWAT  SIOCGHIWAT
 #define VKI_SIOCSLOWAT  SIOCSLOWAT
 #define VKI_SIOCGLOWAT  SIOCGLOWAT
 #define VKI_SIOCATMARK  SIOCATMARK
 #define VKI_SIOCSPGRP   SIOCSPGRP
 #define VKI_SIOCGPGRP   SIOCGPGRP
 
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFADDR     SIOCSIFADDR
 #define VKI_OSIOCGIFADDR    OSIOCGIFADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFDSTADDR  SIOCSIFDSTADDR
 #define VKI_OSIOCGIFDSTADDR OSIOCGIFDSTADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFFLAGS    SIOCSIFFLAGS
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFFLAGS    SIOCGIFFLAGS
 #define VKI_OSIOCGIFBRDADDR OSIOCGIFBRDADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFBRDADDR  SIOCSIFBRDADDR
 #define VKI_OSIOCGIFCONF    OSIOCGIFCONF
 #define VKI_OSIOCGIFNETMASK OSIOCGIFNETMASK
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFNETMASK  SIOCSIFNETMASK
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFMETRIC   SIOCGIFMETRIC
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFMETRIC   SIOCSIFMETRIC
 #define VKI_SIOCDIFADDR     SIOCDIFADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCAIFADDR     SIOCAIFADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGETVIFCNT   SIOCGETVIFCNT
 #define VKI_SIOCGETSGCNT    SIOCGETSGCNT
 #define VKI_SIOCALIFADDR    SIOCALIFADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGLIFADDR    SIOCGLIFADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCDLIFADDR    SIOCDLIFADDR
 
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFADDR     SIOCGIFADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFDSTADDR  SIOCGIFDSTADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFBRDADDR  SIOCGIFBRDADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFCONF     SIOCGIFCONF
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFNETMASK  SIOCGIFNETMASK
 #define VKI_SIOCAUTOADDR    SIOCAUTOADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCAUTONETMASK SIOCAUTONETMASK
 #define VKI_SIOCARPIPLL     SIOCARPIPLL
 
 #define VKI_SIOCADDMULTI    SIOCADDMULTI
 #define VKI_SIOCDELMULTI    SIOCDELMULTI
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFMTU      SIOCGIFMTU
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFMTU      SIOCSIFMTU
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFPHYS     SIOCGIFPHYS
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFPHYS     SIOCSIFPHYS
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFMEDIA    SIOCSIFMEDIA
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFMEDIA    SIOCGIFMEDIA
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFGENERIC  SIOCSIFGENERIC
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFGENERIC  SIOCGIFGENERIC
 #define VKI_SIOCRSLVMULTI       SIOCRSLVMULTI
 
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFLLADDR   SIOCSIFLLADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFSTATUS   SIOCGIFSTATUS
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFPHYADDR      SIOCSIFPHYADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFPSRCADDR SIOCGIFPSRCADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFPDSTADDR SIOCGIFPDSTADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCDIFPHYADDR  SIOCDIFPHYADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCSLIFPHYADDR SIOCSLIFPHYADDR
 #define VKI_SIOCGLIFPHYADDR SIOCGLIFPHYADDR
 
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFDEVMTU   SIOCGIFDEVMTU
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFALTMTU   SIOCSIFALTMTU
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFALTMTU   SIOCGIFALTMTU
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFBOND     SIOCSIFBOND
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFBOND     SIOCGIFBOND
 #define VKI_SIOCIFCREATE    SIOCIFCREATE
 #define VKI_SIOCIFDESTROY   SIOCIFDESTROY
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFVLAN     SIOCSIFVLAN
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFVLAN     SIOCGIFVLAN
 
 #define VKI_SIOCSETVLAN     SIOCSIFVLAN
 #define VKI_SIOCGETVLAN     SIOCGIFVLAN
 
 #define VKI_SIOCGIFASYNCMAP     SIOCGIFASYNCMAP
 #define VKI_SIOCSIFASYNCMAP     SIOCSIGASYNCMAP
 
 
 #include <sys/dtrace.h>
 
 #define VKI_DTRACEHIOC_REMOVE   DTRACEHIOC_REMOVE
 #define VKI_DTRACEHIOC_ADDDOF   DTRACEHIOC_ADDDOF
 
 
 #include <net/bpf.h>
 
 #define vki_bpf_program bpf_program
 #define vki_bf_len bf_len
 #define vki_bf_insns bf_insns
 #define vki_bpf_dltlist bpf_dltlist
 #define vki_bfl_len bfl_len
 #define vki_bfl_list bfl_list
 
 #define VKI_BIOCSETF        BIOCSETF
 #define VKI_BIOCFLUSH       BIOCFLUSH
 #define VKI_BIOCPROMISC     BIOCPROMISC
 #define VKI_BIOCSETIF       BIOCSETIF
 #define VKI_BIOCSRTIMEOUT   BIOCSRTIMEOUT
 #define VKI_BIOCGDLTLIST    BIOCGDLTLIST
 
 
 #include <sys/ucontext.h>
 
 /* quite why sys/ucontext.h provides a 'struct __darwin_ucontext'
    but no 'struct ucontext' beats me. -- JRS */
 #define vki_ucontext __darwin_ucontext
 
 
 #include <sys/termios.h>
 
 #define vki_termios termios
 
 
 #include <uuid/uuid.h>
 
 #define vki_uuid_t uuid_t
 
 
 #include <bsm/audit.h>
 
 #define VKI_A_GETPOLICY A_GETPOLICY 
 #define VKI_A_SETPOLICY A_SETPOLICY 
 #define VKI_A_GETKMASK  A_GETKMASK  
 #define VKI_A_SETKMASK  A_SETKMASK  
 #define VKI_A_GETQCTRL  A_GETQCTRL  
 #define VKI_A_SETQCTRL  A_SETQCTRL  
 #define VKI_A_GETCWD    A_GETCWD    
 #define VKI_A_GETCAR    A_GETCAR    
 #define VKI_A_GETSTAT   A_GETSTAT   
 #define VKI_A_SETSTAT   A_SETSTAT   
 #define VKI_A_SETUMASK  A_SETUMASK  
 #define VKI_A_SETSMASK  A_SETSMASK  
 #define VKI_A_GETCOND   A_GETCOND   
 #define VKI_A_SETCOND   A_SETCOND   
 #define VKI_A_GETCLASS  A_GETCLASS  
 #define VKI_A_SETCLASS  A_SETCLASS  
 #define VKI_A_GETPINFO  A_GETPINFO  
 #define VKI_A_SETPMASK  A_SETPMASK  
 #define VKI_A_SETFSIZE  A_SETFSIZE  
 #define VKI_A_GETFSIZE  A_GETFSIZE  
 #define VKI_A_GETPINFO_ADDR A_GETPINFO_ADDR 
 #define VKI_A_GETKAUDIT A_GETKAUDIT 
 #define VKI_A_SETKAUDIT A_SETKAUDIT 
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_6
 #define VKI_A_SENDTRIGGER A_SENDTRIGGER
 #define VKI_A_GETSINFO_ADDR A_GETSINFO_ADDR
 #endif
 
 
 #include <sys/aio.h>
 
 #define vki_aiocb aiocb
 
 
 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
 
 #define VKI_TCP_NODELAY  TCP_NODELAY
 
 
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 
 #define VKI_IPPROTO_TCP  IPPROTO_TCP
 
 
 // XXX: for some reason when I #include <sys/kernel_types.h> I get a syntax
 // error.  Hmm.  So just define things ourselves.
 //#include <sys/kernel_types.h>
 
 //#define vki_errno_t
 typedef int vki_errno_t;
 
 
 /* necp stuff.  This doesn't appear to exist in any user space include
    file. */
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_10
 struct vki_necp_aggregate_result {
    vki_u_int32_t field1;
    unsigned int  field2;
    vki_u_int32_t field3;
    vki_u_int32_t field4;
    vki_uuid_t    field5;
    u_int32_t     field6;
    u_int32_t     field7;
 };
 
 #define VKI_CSR_CHECK 0
 #define VKI_CSR_GET_ACTIVE_CONFIG 1
 #endif /* DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_10 */
 
 #if DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_12
 // ulock_wake & ulock_wait operations
 #define VKI_UL_OPCODE_MASK      0x000000FF
 #define VKI_UL_FLAGS_MASK       0xFFFFFF00
 #define VKI_UL_COMPARE_AND_WAIT 1
 #define VKI_UL_UNFAIR_LOCK      2
 // ulock_wake & ulock_wait flags
 #define ULF_NO_ERRNO            0x01000000
 
 // ulock_wake flags
 #define VKI_ULF_WAKE_ALL          0x00000100
 #define VKI_ULF_WAKE_THREAD       0x00000200
 
 // ulock_wait flags
 #define WKI_ULF_WAIT_WORKQ_DATA_CONTENTION  0x00010000
 
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_ADD                     1
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_REMOVE                  2
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_COPY_PARAMETERS         3
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_COPY_RESULT             4
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_COPY_LIST               5
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_AGENT                   7
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_COPY_AGENT              8
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_COPY_INTERFACE          9
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_COPY_ROUTE_STATISTICS  11
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_AGENT_USE              12
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_UPDATE_CACHE           14
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_COPY_CLIENT_UPDATE     15
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_COPY_UPDATED_RESULT    16
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_CLAIM                  19
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_SIGN                   20
 
 #define VKI_NECP_MAX_CLIENT_PARAMETERS_SIZE    1024
 #define VKI_NECP_CLIENT_ACTION_SIGN_TAG_LENGTH   32
 
 #define VKI_IFXNAMSIZ     IFNAMSIZ + 8
 #define VKI_IFNET_SIGNATURELEN      20
 
 #define VKI_UL_COMPARE_AND_WAIT             1
 #define VKI_UL_UNFAIR_LOCK                  2
 #define VKI_UL_COMPARE_AND_WAIT_SHARED      3
 #define VKI_UL_UNFAIR_LOCK64_SHARED         4
 #define VKI_UL_COMPARE_AND_WAIT64           5
 #define VKI_UL_COMPARE_AND_WAIT64_SHARED    6
 
 struct vki_necp_client_signable {
     uuid_t client_id;
     u_int32_t sign_type;
 } __attribute__((__packed__));
 
 struct vki_necp_cache_buffer {
     u_int8_t                necp_cache_buf_type;    //  NECP_CLIENT_CACHE_TYPE_*
     u_int8_t                necp_cache_buf_ver;     //  NECP_CLIENT_CACHE_TYPE_*_VER
     u_int32_t               necp_cache_buf_size;
     mach_vm_address_t       necp_cache_buf_addr;
 };
 
 struct vki_necp_interface_signature {
   u_int8_t signature[VKI_IFNET_SIGNATURELEN];
   u_int8_t signature_len;
 };
 
 struct vki_necp_interface_details_legacy {
     char name[VKI_IFXNAMSIZ];
     u_int32_t index;
     u_int32_t generation;
     u_int32_t functional_type;
     u_int32_t delegate_index;
     u_int32_t flags; // see NECP_INTERFACE_FLAG_*
     u_int32_t mtu;
     struct vki_necp_interface_signature ipv4_signature;
     struct vki_necp_interface_signature ipv6_signature;
 };
 
 struct vki_necp_agent_use_parameters {
     uuid_t agent_uuid;
     uint64_t out_use_count;
 };
 
 // Precalculated as the struct are really big
 #define VKI_IFNET_STATS_PER_FLOW_SIZE 96
 #define VKI_NECP_STAT_COUNTS_SIZE 68
 
 #endif /* DARWIN_VERS >= DARWIN_10_12 */
 
 #include <spawn.h>
 
 typedef posix_spawn_file_actions_t vki_posix_spawn_file_actions_t;
 typedef posix_spawnattr_t vki_posix_spawnattr_t;
 
 // from sys/persona.h, not public
 #define VKI_PERSONA_INFO_V1       1
 #define VKI_PERSONA_INFO_V2       2
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_ALLOC    1
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_PALLOC   2
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_DEALLOC  3
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_GET      4
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_INFO     5
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_PIDINFO  6
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_FIND     7
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_GETPATH  8
 #define VKI_PERSONA_OP_FIND_BY_TYPE  9
 
 #define VKI_MAXLOGNAME      255
 
 struct vki_kpersona_info {
    /* v1 fields */
    vki_uint32_t persona_info_version;
 
    uid_t    persona_id;
    Int      persona_type;
    vki_gid_t    persona_gid; /* unused */
    vki_uint32_t persona_ngroups; /* unused */
    vki_gid_t    persona_groups[NGROUPS]; /* unused */
    vki_uid_t    persona_gmuid; /* unused */
    HChar     persona_name[VKI_MAXLOGNAME + 1];
 
    /* v2 fields */
    vki_uid_t    persona_uid;
 } __attribute__((packed));
 
 
 #endif

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