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 // © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
 // License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 /*
 **********************************************************************
 *   Copyright (C) 1999-2014, International Business Machines
 *   Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
 **********************************************************************
  *  ucnv.h:
  *  External APIs for the ICU's codeset conversion library
  *  Bertrand A. Damiba
  *
  * Modification History:
  *
  *   Date        Name        Description
  *   04/04/99    helena      Fixed internal header inclusion.
  *   05/11/00    helena      Added setFallback and usesFallback APIs.
  *   06/29/2000  helena      Major rewrite of the callback APIs.
  *   12/07/2000  srl         Update of documentation
  */
 
 /**
  * \file
  * \brief C API: Character conversion
  *
  * <h2>Character Conversion C API</h2>
  *
  * <p>This API is used to convert codepage or character encoded data to and
  * from UTF-16. You can open a converter with {@link ucnv_open() }. With that
  * converter, you can get its properties, set options, convert your data and
  * close the converter.</p>
  *
  * <p>Since many software programs recognize different converter names for
  * different types of converters, there are other functions in this API to
  * iterate over the converter aliases. The functions {@link ucnv_getAvailableName() },
  * {@link ucnv_getAlias() } and {@link ucnv_getStandardName() } are some of the
  * more frequently used alias functions to get this information.</p>
  *
  * <p>When a converter encounters an illegal, irregular, invalid or unmappable character
  * its default behavior is to use a substitution character to replace the
  * bad byte sequence. This behavior can be changed by using {@link ucnv_setFromUCallBack() }
  * or {@link ucnv_setToUCallBack() } on the converter. The header ucnv_err.h defines
  * many other callback actions that can be used instead of a character substitution.</p>
  *
  * <p>More information about this API can be found in our
  * <a href="https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/conversion/">User Guide</a>.</p>
  */
 
 #ifndef UCNV_H
 #define UCNV_H
 
 #include "unicode/ucnv_err.h"
 #include "unicode/uenum.h"
 
 #if U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API
 #include "unicode/localpointer.h"
 #endif   // U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API
 
 #if !defined(USET_DEFINED) && !defined(U_IN_DOXYGEN)
 
 #define USET_DEFINED
 
 /**
  * USet is the C API type corresponding to C++ class UnicodeSet.
  * It is forward-declared here to avoid including unicode/uset.h file if related
  * conversion APIs are not used.
  *
  * @see ucnv_getUnicodeSet
  * @stable ICU 2.4
  */
 typedef struct USet USet;
 
 #endif
 
 #if !UCONFIG_NO_CONVERSION
 
 U_CDECL_BEGIN
 
 /** Maximum length of a converter name including the terminating NULL @stable ICU 2.0 */
 #define UCNV_MAX_CONVERTER_NAME_LENGTH 60
 /** Maximum length of a converter name including path and terminating NULL @stable ICU 2.0 */
 #define UCNV_MAX_FULL_FILE_NAME_LENGTH (600+UCNV_MAX_CONVERTER_NAME_LENGTH)
 
 /** Shift in for EBDCDIC_STATEFUL and iso2022 states @stable ICU 2.0 */
 #define  UCNV_SI 0x0F
 /** Shift out for EBDCDIC_STATEFUL and iso2022 states @stable ICU 2.0 */
 #define  UCNV_SO 0x0E
 
 /**
  * Enum for specifying basic types of converters
  * @see ucnv_getType
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 typedef enum {
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_UNSUPPORTED_CONVERTER = -1,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_SBCS = 0,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_DBCS = 1,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_MBCS = 2,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LATIN_1 = 3,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_UTF8 = 4,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_UTF16_BigEndian = 5,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_UTF16_LittleEndian = 6,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_UTF32_BigEndian = 7,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_UTF32_LittleEndian = 8,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_EBCDIC_STATEFUL = 9,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_ISO_2022 = 10,
 
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_1 = 11,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_2,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_3,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_4,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_5,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_6,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_8,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_11,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_16,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_17,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_18,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_19,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_LMBCS_LAST = UCNV_LMBCS_19,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_HZ,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_SCSU,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_ISCII,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_US_ASCII,
     /** @stable ICU 2.0 */
     UCNV_UTF7,
     /** @stable ICU 2.2 */
     UCNV_BOCU1,
     /** @stable ICU 2.2 */
     UCNV_UTF16,
     /** @stable ICU 2.2 */
     UCNV_UTF32,
     /** @stable ICU 2.2 */
     UCNV_CESU8,
     /** @stable ICU 2.4 */
     UCNV_IMAP_MAILBOX,
     /** @stable ICU 4.8 */
     UCNV_COMPOUND_TEXT,
 
     /* Number of converter types for which we have conversion routines. */
     UCNV_NUMBER_OF_SUPPORTED_CONVERTER_TYPES
 } UConverterType;
 
 /**
  * Enum for specifying which platform a converter ID refers to.
  * The use of platform/CCSID is not recommended. See ucnv_openCCSID().
  *
  * @see ucnv_getPlatform
  * @see ucnv_openCCSID
  * @see ucnv_getCCSID
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 typedef enum {
     UCNV_UNKNOWN = -1,
     UCNV_IBM = 0
 } UConverterPlatform;
 
 /**
  * Function pointer for error callback in the codepage to unicode direction.
  * Called when an error has occurred in conversion to unicode, or on open/close of the callback (see reason).
  * @param context Pointer to the callback's private data
  * @param args Information about the conversion in progress
  * @param codeUnits Points to 'length' bytes of the concerned codepage sequence
  * @param length Size (in bytes) of the concerned codepage sequence
  * @param reason Defines the reason the callback was invoked
  * @param pErrorCode    ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                      For converter callback functions, set to a conversion error
  *                      before the call, and the callback may reset it to U_ZERO_ERROR.
  * @see ucnv_setToUCallBack
  * @see UConverterToUnicodeArgs
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 typedef void (U_EXPORT2 *UConverterToUCallback) (
                   const void* context,
                   UConverterToUnicodeArgs *args,
                   const char *codeUnits,
                   int32_t length,
                   UConverterCallbackReason reason,
                   UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Function pointer for error callback in the unicode to codepage direction.
  * Called when an error has occurred in conversion from unicode, or on open/close of the callback (see reason).
  * @param context Pointer to the callback's private data
  * @param args Information about the conversion in progress
  * @param codeUnits Points to 'length' UChars of the concerned Unicode sequence
  * @param length Size (in bytes) of the concerned codepage sequence
  * @param codePoint Single UChar32 (UTF-32) containing the concerend Unicode codepoint.
  * @param reason Defines the reason the callback was invoked
  * @param pErrorCode    ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                      For converter callback functions, set to a conversion error
  *                      before the call, and the callback may reset it to U_ZERO_ERROR.
  * @see ucnv_setFromUCallBack
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 typedef void (U_EXPORT2 *UConverterFromUCallback) (
                     const void* context,
                     UConverterFromUnicodeArgs *args,
                     const UChar* codeUnits,
                     int32_t length,
                     UChar32 codePoint,
                     UConverterCallbackReason reason,
                     UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 U_CDECL_END
 
 /**
  * Character that separates converter names from options and options from each other.
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 #define UCNV_OPTION_SEP_CHAR ','
 
 /**
  * String version of UCNV_OPTION_SEP_CHAR.
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 #define UCNV_OPTION_SEP_STRING ","
 
 /**
  * Character that separates a converter option from its value.
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 #define UCNV_VALUE_SEP_CHAR '='
 
 /**
  * String version of UCNV_VALUE_SEP_CHAR.
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 #define UCNV_VALUE_SEP_STRING "="
 
 /**
  * Converter option for specifying a locale.
  * For example, ucnv_open("SCSU,locale=ja", &errorCode);
  * See convrtrs.txt.
  *
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 #define UCNV_LOCALE_OPTION_STRING ",locale="
 
 /**
  * Converter option for specifying a version selector (0..9) for some converters.
  * For example,
  * \code
  *   ucnv_open("UTF-7,version=1", &errorCode);
  * \endcode
  * See convrtrs.txt.
  *
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @stable ICU 2.4
  */
 #define UCNV_VERSION_OPTION_STRING ",version="
 
 /**
  * Converter option for EBCDIC SBCS or mixed-SBCS/DBCS (stateful) codepages.
  * Swaps Unicode mappings for EBCDIC LF and NL codes, as used on
  * S/390 (z/OS) Unix System Services (Open Edition).
  * For example, ucnv_open("ibm-1047,swaplfnl", &errorCode);
  * See convrtrs.txt.
  *
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @stable ICU 2.4
  */
 #define UCNV_SWAP_LFNL_OPTION_STRING ",swaplfnl"
 
 /**
  * Do a fuzzy compare of two converter/alias names.
  * The comparison is case-insensitive, ignores leading zeroes if they are not
  * followed by further digits, and ignores all but letters and digits.
  * Thus the strings "UTF-8", "utf_8", "u*T@f08" and "Utf 8" are exactly equivalent.
  * See section 1.4, Charset Alias Matching in Unicode Technical Standard #22
  * at http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr22/
  *
  * @param name1 a converter name or alias, zero-terminated
  * @param name2 a converter name or alias, zero-terminated
  * @return 0 if the names match, or a negative value if the name1
  * lexically precedes name2, or a positive value if the name1
  * lexically follows name2.
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_compareNames(const char *name1, const char *name2);
 
 
 /**
  * Creates a UConverter object with the name of a coded character set specified as a C string.
  * The actual name will be resolved with the alias file
  * using a case-insensitive string comparison that ignores
  * leading zeroes and all non-alphanumeric characters.
  * E.g., the names "UTF8", "utf-8", "u*T@f08" and "Utf 8" are all equivalent.
  * (See also ucnv_compareNames().)
  * If <code>NULL</code> is passed for the converter name, it will create one with the
  * getDefaultName return value.
  *
  * <p>A converter name for ICU 1.5 and above may contain options
  * like a locale specification to control the specific behavior of
  * the newly instantiated converter.
  * The meaning of the options depends on the particular converter.
  * If an option is not defined for or recognized by a given converter, then it is ignored.</p>
  *
  * <p>Options are appended to the converter name string, with a
  * <code>UCNV_OPTION_SEP_CHAR</code> between the name and the first option and
  * also between adjacent options.</p>
  *
  * <p>If the alias is ambiguous, then the preferred converter is used
  * and the status is set to U_AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_WARNING.</p>
  *
  * <p>The conversion behavior and names can vary between platforms. ICU may
  * convert some characters differently from other platforms. Details on this topic
  * are in the <a href="https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/conversion/">User
  * Guide</a>. Aliases starting with a "cp" prefix have no specific meaning
  * other than its an alias starting with the letters "cp". Please do not
  * associate any meaning to these aliases.</p>
  *
  * \snippet samples/ucnv/convsamp.cpp ucnv_open
  *
  * @param converterName Name of the coded character set table.
  *          This may have options appended to the string.
  *          IANA alias character set names, IBM CCSIDs starting with "ibm-",
  *          Windows codepage numbers starting with "windows-" are frequently
  *          used for this parameter. See ucnv_getAvailableName and
  *          ucnv_getAlias for a complete list that is available.
  *          If this parameter is NULL, the default converter will be used.
  * @param err outgoing error status <TT>U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR, U_FILE_ACCESS_ERROR</TT>
  * @return the created Unicode converter object, or <TT>NULL</TT> if an error occurred
  * @see ucnv_openU
  * @see ucnv_openCCSID
  * @see ucnv_getAvailableName
  * @see ucnv_getAlias
  * @see ucnv_getDefaultName
  * @see ucnv_close
  * @see ucnv_compareNames
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI UConverter* U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_open(const char *converterName, UErrorCode *err);
 
 
 /**
  * Creates a Unicode converter with the names specified as unicode string.
  * The name should be limited to the ASCII-7 alphanumerics range.
  * The actual name will be resolved with the alias file
  * using a case-insensitive string comparison that ignores
  * leading zeroes and all non-alphanumeric characters.
  * E.g., the names "UTF8", "utf-8", "u*T@f08" and "Utf 8" are all equivalent.
  * (See also ucnv_compareNames().)
  * If <TT>NULL</TT> is passed for the converter name, it will create
  * one with the ucnv_getDefaultName() return value.
  * If the alias is ambiguous, then the preferred converter is used
  * and the status is set to U_AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_WARNING.
  *
  * <p>See ucnv_open for the complete details</p>
  * @param name Name of the UConverter table in a zero terminated
  *        Unicode string
  * @param err outgoing error status <TT>U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR,
  *        U_FILE_ACCESS_ERROR</TT>
  * @return the created Unicode converter object, or <TT>NULL</TT> if an
  *        error occurred
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @see ucnv_openCCSID
  * @see ucnv_close
  * @see ucnv_compareNames
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI UConverter* U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_openU(const UChar *name,
            UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Creates a UConverter object from a CCSID number and platform pair.
  * Note that the usefulness of this function is limited to platforms with numeric
  * encoding IDs. Only IBM and Microsoft platforms use numeric (16-bit) identifiers for
  * encodings.
  *
  * In addition, IBM CCSIDs and Unicode conversion tables are not 1:1 related.
  * For many IBM CCSIDs there are multiple (up to six) Unicode conversion tables, and
  * for some Unicode conversion tables there are multiple CCSIDs.
  * Some "alternate" Unicode conversion tables are provided by the
  * IBM CDRA conversion table registry.
  * The most prominent example of a systematic modification of conversion tables that is
  * not provided in the form of conversion table files in the repository is
  * that S/390 Unix System Services swaps the codes for Line Feed and New Line in all
  * EBCDIC codepages, which requires such a swap in the Unicode conversion tables as well.
  *
  * Only IBM default conversion tables are accessible with ucnv_openCCSID().
  * ucnv_getCCSID() will return the same CCSID for all conversion tables that are associated
  * with that CCSID.
  *
  * Currently, the only "platform" supported in the ICU converter API is UCNV_IBM.
  *
  * In summary, the use of CCSIDs and the associated API functions is not recommended.
  *
  * In order to open a converter with the default IBM CDRA Unicode conversion table,
  * you can use this function or use the prefix "ibm-":
  * \code
  *     char name[20];
  *     sprintf(name, "ibm-%hu", ccsid);
  *     cnv=ucnv_open(name, &errorCode);
  * \endcode
  *
  * In order to open a converter with the IBM S/390 Unix System Services variant
  * of a Unicode/EBCDIC conversion table,
  * you can use the prefix "ibm-" together with the option string UCNV_SWAP_LFNL_OPTION_STRING:
  * \code
  *     char name[20];
  *     sprintf(name, "ibm-%hu" UCNV_SWAP_LFNL_OPTION_STRING, ccsid);
  *     cnv=ucnv_open(name, &errorCode);
  * \endcode
  *
  * In order to open a converter from a Microsoft codepage number, use the prefix "cp":
  * \code
  *     char name[20];
  *     sprintf(name, "cp%hu", codepageID);
  *     cnv=ucnv_open(name, &errorCode);
  * \endcode
  *
  * If the alias is ambiguous, then the preferred converter is used
  * and the status is set to U_AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_WARNING.
  *
  * @param codepage codepage number to create
  * @param platform the platform in which the codepage number exists
  * @param err error status <TT>U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR, U_FILE_ACCESS_ERROR</TT>
  * @return the created Unicode converter object, or <TT>NULL</TT> if an error
  *   occurred.
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @see ucnv_openU
  * @see ucnv_close
  * @see ucnv_getCCSID
  * @see ucnv_getPlatform
  * @see UConverterPlatform
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI UConverter* U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_openCCSID(int32_t codepage,
                UConverterPlatform platform,
                UErrorCode * err);
 
 /**
  * <p>Creates a UConverter object specified from a packageName and a converterName.</p>
  *
  * <p>The packageName and converterName must point to an ICU udata object, as defined by
  *   <code> udata_open( packageName, "cnv", converterName, err) </code> or equivalent.
  * Typically, packageName will refer to a (.dat) file, or to a package registered with
  * udata_setAppData(). Using a full file or directory pathname for packageName is deprecated.</p>
  *
  * <p>The name will NOT be looked up in the alias mechanism, nor will the converter be
  * stored in the converter cache or the alias table. The only way to open further converters
  * is call this function multiple times, or use the ucnv_clone() function to clone a
  * 'primary' converter.</p>
  *
  * <p>A future version of ICU may add alias table lookups and/or caching
  * to this function.</p>
  *
  * <p>Example Use:
  *      <code>cnv = ucnv_openPackage("myapp", "myconverter", &err);</code>
  * </p>
  *
  * @param packageName name of the package (equivalent to 'path' in udata_open() call)
  * @param converterName name of the data item to be used, without suffix.
  * @param err outgoing error status <TT>U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR, U_FILE_ACCESS_ERROR</TT>
  * @return the created Unicode converter object, or <TT>NULL</TT> if an error occurred
  * @see udata_open
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @see ucnv_clone
  * @see ucnv_close
  * @stable ICU 2.2
  */
 U_CAPI UConverter* U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_openPackage(const char *packageName, const char *converterName, UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Thread safe converter cloning operation.
  *
  * You must ucnv_close() the clone.
  *
  * @param cnv converter to be cloned
  * @param status to indicate whether the operation went on smoothly or there were errors
  * @return pointer to the new clone
  * @stable ICU 71
  */
 U_CAPI UConverter* U_EXPORT2 ucnv_clone(const UConverter *cnv, UErrorCode *status);
 
 #ifndef U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
 
 /**
  * Thread safe converter cloning operation.
  * For most efficient operation, pass in a stackBuffer (and a *pBufferSize)
  * with at least U_CNV_SAFECLONE_BUFFERSIZE bytes of space.
  * If the buffer size is sufficient, then the clone will use the stack buffer;
  * otherwise, it will be allocated, and *pBufferSize will indicate
  * the actual size. (This should not occur with U_CNV_SAFECLONE_BUFFERSIZE.)
  *
  * You must ucnv_close() the clone in any case.
  *
  * If *pBufferSize==0, (regardless of whether stackBuffer==NULL or not)
  * then *pBufferSize will be changed to a sufficient size
  * for cloning this converter,
  * without actually cloning the converter ("pure pre-flighting").
  *
  * If *pBufferSize is greater than zero but not large enough for a stack-based
  * clone, then the converter is cloned using newly allocated memory
  * and *pBufferSize is changed to the necessary size.
  *
  * If the converter clone fits into the stack buffer but the stack buffer is not
  * sufficiently aligned for the clone, then the clone will use an
  * adjusted pointer and use an accordingly smaller buffer size.
  *
  * @param cnv converter to be cloned
  * @param stackBuffer <em>Deprecated functionality as of ICU 52, use NULL.</em><br>
  *  user allocated space for the new clone. If NULL new memory will be allocated.
  *  If buffer is not large enough, new memory will be allocated.
  *  Clients can use the U_CNV_SAFECLONE_BUFFERSIZE. This will probably be enough to avoid memory allocations.
  * @param pBufferSize <em>Deprecated functionality as of ICU 52, use NULL or 1.</em><br>
  *  pointer to size of allocated space.
  * @param status to indicate whether the operation went on smoothly or there were errors
  *  An informational status value, U_SAFECLONE_ALLOCATED_WARNING,
  *  is used if pBufferSize != NULL and any allocations were necessary
  *  However, it is better to check if *pBufferSize grew for checking for
  *  allocations because warning codes can be overridden by subsequent
  *  function calls.
  * @return pointer to the new clone
  * @deprecated ICU 71 Use ucnv_clone() instead.
  */
 U_DEPRECATED UConverter * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_safeClone(const UConverter *cnv,
                void             *stackBuffer,
                int32_t          *pBufferSize,
                UErrorCode       *status);
 
 /**
  * \def U_CNV_SAFECLONE_BUFFERSIZE
  * Definition of a buffer size that is designed to be large enough for
  * converters to be cloned with ucnv_safeClone().
  * @deprecated ICU 52. Do not rely on ucnv_safeClone() cloning into any provided buffer.
  */
 #define U_CNV_SAFECLONE_BUFFERSIZE  1024
 
 #endif /* U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API */
 
 /**
  * Deletes the unicode converter and releases resources associated
  * with just this instance.
  * Does not free up shared converter tables.
  *
  * @param converter the converter object to be deleted
  * @see ucnv_open
  * @see ucnv_openU
  * @see ucnv_openCCSID
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void  U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_close(UConverter * converter);
 
 #if U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API
 
 U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 /**
  * \class LocalUConverterPointer
  * "Smart pointer" class, closes a UConverter via ucnv_close().
  * For most methods see the LocalPointerBase base class.
  *
  * @see LocalPointerBase
  * @see LocalPointer
  * @stable ICU 4.4
  */
 U_DEFINE_LOCAL_OPEN_POINTER(LocalUConverterPointer, UConverter, ucnv_close);
 
 U_NAMESPACE_END
 
 #endif
 
 /**
  * Fills in the output parameter, subChars, with the substitution characters
  * as multiple bytes.
  * If ucnv_setSubstString() set a Unicode string because the converter is
  * stateful, then subChars will be an empty string.
  *
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param subChars the substitution characters
  * @param len on input the capacity of subChars, on output the number
  * of bytes copied to it
  * @param  err the outgoing error status code.
  * If the substitution character array is too small, an
  * <TT>U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR</TT> will be returned.
  * @see ucnv_setSubstString
  * @see ucnv_setSubstChars
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getSubstChars(const UConverter *converter,
                    char *subChars,
                    int8_t *len,
                    UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Sets the substitution chars when converting from unicode to a codepage. The
  * substitution is specified as a string of 1-4 bytes, and may contain
  * <TT>NULL</TT> bytes.
  * The subChars must represent a single character. The caller needs to know the
  * byte sequence of a valid character in the converter's charset.
  * For some converters, for example some ISO 2022 variants, only single-byte
  * substitution characters may be supported.
  * The newer ucnv_setSubstString() function relaxes these limitations.
  *
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param subChars the substitution character byte sequence we want set
  * @param len the number of bytes in subChars
  * @param err the error status code.  <TT>U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR </TT> if
  * len is bigger than the maximum number of bytes allowed in subchars
  * @see ucnv_setSubstString
  * @see ucnv_getSubstChars
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_setSubstChars(UConverter *converter,
                    const char *subChars,
                    int8_t len,
                    UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Set a substitution string for converting from Unicode to a charset.
  * The caller need not know the charset byte sequence for each charset.
  *
  * Unlike ucnv_setSubstChars() which is designed to set a charset byte sequence
  * for a single character, this function takes a Unicode string with
  * zero, one or more characters, and immediately verifies that the string can be
  * converted to the charset.
  * If not, or if the result is too long (more than 32 bytes as of ICU 3.6),
  * then the function returns with an error accordingly.
  *
  * Also unlike ucnv_setSubstChars(), this function works for stateful charsets
  * by converting on the fly at the point of substitution rather than setting
  * a fixed byte sequence.
  *
  * @param cnv The UConverter object.
  * @param s The Unicode string.
  * @param length The number of UChars in s, or -1 for a NUL-terminated string.
  * @param err Pointer to a standard ICU error code. Its input value must
  *            pass the U_SUCCESS() test, or else the function returns
  *            immediately. Check for U_FAILURE() on output or use with
  *            function chaining. (See User Guide for details.)
  *
  * @see ucnv_setSubstChars
  * @see ucnv_getSubstChars
  * @stable ICU 3.6
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_setSubstString(UConverter *cnv,
                     const UChar *s,
                     int32_t length,
                     UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Fills in the output parameter, errBytes, with the error characters from the
  * last failing conversion.
  *
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param errBytes the codepage bytes which were in error
  * @param len on input the capacity of errBytes, on output the number of
  *  bytes which were copied to it
  * @param err the error status code.
  * If the substitution character array is too small, an
  * <TT>U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR</TT> will be returned.
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getInvalidChars(const UConverter *converter,
                      char *errBytes,
                      int8_t *len,
                      UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Fills in the output parameter, errChars, with the error characters from the
  * last failing conversion.
  *
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param errUChars the UChars which were in error
  * @param len on input the capacity of errUChars, on output the number of
  *  UChars which were copied to it
  * @param err the error status code.
  * If the substitution character array is too small, an
  * <TT>U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR</TT> will be returned.
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getInvalidUChars(const UConverter *converter,
                       UChar *errUChars,
                       int8_t *len,
                       UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Resets the state of a converter to the default state. This is used
  * in the case of an error, to restart a conversion from a known default state.
  * It will also empty the internal output buffers.
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_reset(UConverter *converter);
 
 /**
  * Resets the to-Unicode part of a converter state to the default state.
  * This is used in the case of an error to restart a conversion to
  * Unicode to a known default state. It will also empty the internal
  * output buffers used for the conversion to Unicode codepoints.
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_resetToUnicode(UConverter *converter);
 
 /**
  * Resets the from-Unicode part of a converter state to the default state.
  * This is used in the case of an error to restart a conversion from
  * Unicode to a known default state. It will also empty the internal output
  * buffers used for the conversion from Unicode codepoints.
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_resetFromUnicode(UConverter *converter);
 
 /**
  * Returns the maximum number of bytes that are output per UChar in conversion
  * from Unicode using this converter.
  * The returned number can be used with UCNV_GET_MAX_BYTES_FOR_STRING
  * to calculate the size of a target buffer for conversion from Unicode.
  *
  * Note: Before ICU 2.8, this function did not return reliable numbers for
  * some stateful converters (EBCDIC_STATEFUL, ISO-2022) and LMBCS.
  *
  * This number may not be the same as the maximum number of bytes per
  * "conversion unit". In other words, it may not be the intuitively expected
  * number of bytes per character that would be published for a charset,
  * and may not fulfill any other purpose than the allocation of an output
  * buffer of guaranteed sufficient size for a given input length and converter.
  *
  * Examples for special cases that are taken into account:
  * - Supplementary code points may convert to more bytes than BMP code points.
  *   This function returns bytes per UChar (UTF-16 code unit), not per
  *   Unicode code point, for efficient buffer allocation.
  * - State-shifting output (SI/SO, escapes, etc.) from stateful converters.
  * - When m input UChars are converted to n output bytes, then the maximum m/n
  *   is taken into account.
  *
  * The number returned here does not take into account
  * (see UCNV_GET_MAX_BYTES_FOR_STRING):
  * - callbacks which output more than one charset character sequence per call,
  *   like escape callbacks
  * - initial and final non-character bytes that are output by some converters
  *   (automatic BOMs, initial escape sequence, final SI, etc.)
  *
  * Examples for returned values:
  * - SBCS charsets: 1
  * - Shift-JIS: 2
  * - UTF-16: 2 (2 per BMP, 4 per surrogate _pair_, BOM not counted)
  * - UTF-8: 3 (3 per BMP, 4 per surrogate _pair_)
  * - EBCDIC_STATEFUL (EBCDIC mixed SBCS/DBCS): 3 (SO + DBCS)
  * - ISO-2022: 3 (always outputs UTF-8)
  * - ISO-2022-JP: 6 (4-byte escape sequences + DBCS)
  * - ISO-2022-CN: 8 (4-byte designator sequences + 2-byte SS2/SS3 + DBCS)
  *
  * @param converter The Unicode converter.
  * @return The maximum number of bytes per UChar (16 bit code unit)
  *    that are output by ucnv_fromUnicode(),
  *    to be used together with UCNV_GET_MAX_BYTES_FOR_STRING
  *    for buffer allocation.
  *
  * @see UCNV_GET_MAX_BYTES_FOR_STRING
  * @see ucnv_getMinCharSize
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int8_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getMaxCharSize(const UConverter *converter);
 
 /**
  * Calculates the size of a buffer for conversion from Unicode to a charset.
  * The calculated size is guaranteed to be sufficient for this conversion.
  *
  * It takes into account initial and final non-character bytes that are output
  * by some converters.
  * It does not take into account callbacks which output more than one charset
  * character sequence per call, like escape callbacks.
  * The default (substitution) callback only outputs one charset character sequence.
  *
  * @param length Number of UChars to be converted.
  * @param maxCharSize Return value from ucnv_getMaxCharSize() for the converter
  *                    that will be used.
  * @return Size of a buffer that will be large enough to hold the output bytes of
  *         converting length UChars with the converter that returned the maxCharSize.
  *
  * @see ucnv_getMaxCharSize
  * @stable ICU 2.8
  */
 #define UCNV_GET_MAX_BYTES_FOR_STRING(length, maxCharSize) \
      (((int32_t)(length)+10)*(int32_t)(maxCharSize))
 
 /**
  * Returns the minimum byte length (per codepoint) for characters in this codepage.
  * This is usually either 1 or 2.
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @return the minimum number of bytes per codepoint allowed by this particular converter
  * @see ucnv_getMaxCharSize
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int8_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getMinCharSize(const UConverter *converter);
 
 /**
  * Returns the display name of the converter passed in based on the Locale
  * passed in. If the locale contains no display name, the internal ASCII
  * name will be filled in.
  *
  * @param converter the Unicode converter.
  * @param displayLocale is the specific Locale we want to localized for
  * @param displayName user provided buffer to be filled in
  * @param displayNameCapacity size of displayName Buffer
  * @param err error status code
  * @return displayNameLength number of UChar needed in displayName
  * @see ucnv_getName
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getDisplayName(const UConverter *converter,
                     const char *displayLocale,
                     UChar *displayName,
                     int32_t displayNameCapacity,
                     UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Gets the internal, canonical name of the converter (zero-terminated).
  * The lifetime of the returned string will be that of the converter
  * passed to this function.
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param err UErrorCode status
  * @return the internal name of the converter
  * @see ucnv_getDisplayName
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI const char * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getName(const UConverter *converter, UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Gets a codepage number associated with the converter. This is not guaranteed
  * to be the one used to create the converter. Some converters do not represent
  * platform registered codepages and return zero for the codepage number.
  * The error code fill-in parameter indicates if the codepage number
  * is available.
  * Does not check if the converter is <TT>NULL</TT> or if converter's data
  * table is <TT>NULL</TT>.
  *
  * Important: The use of CCSIDs is not recommended because it is limited
  * to only two platforms in principle and only one (UCNV_IBM) in the current
  * ICU converter API.
  * Also, CCSIDs are insufficient to identify IBM Unicode conversion tables precisely.
  * For more details see ucnv_openCCSID().
  *
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param err the error status code.
  * @return If any error occurs, -1 will be returned otherwise, the codepage number
  * will be returned
  * @see ucnv_openCCSID
  * @see ucnv_getPlatform
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getCCSID(const UConverter *converter,
               UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Gets a codepage platform associated with the converter. Currently,
  * only <TT>UCNV_IBM</TT> will be returned.
  * Does not test if the converter is <TT>NULL</TT> or if converter's data
  * table is <TT>NULL</TT>.
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param err the error status code.
  * @return The codepage platform
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI UConverterPlatform U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getPlatform(const UConverter *converter,
                  UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Gets the type of the converter
  * e.g. SBCS, MBCS, DBCS, UTF8, UTF16_BE, UTF16_LE, ISO_2022,
  * EBCDIC_STATEFUL, LATIN_1
  * @param converter a valid, opened converter
  * @return the type of the converter
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI UConverterType U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getType(const UConverter * converter);
 
 /**
  * Gets the "starter" (lead) bytes for converters of type MBCS.
  * Will fill in an <TT>U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR</TT> if converter passed in
  * is not MBCS. Fills in an array of type UBool, with the value of the byte
  * as offset to the array. For example, if (starters[0x20] == true) at return,
  * it means that the byte 0x20 is a starter byte in this converter.
  * Context pointers are always owned by the caller.
  *
  * @param converter a valid, opened converter of type MBCS
  * @param starters an array of size 256 to be filled in
  * @param err error status, <TT>U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR</TT> if the
  * converter is not a type which can return starters.
  * @see ucnv_getType
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getStarters(const UConverter* converter,
                  UBool starters[256],
                  UErrorCode* err);
 
 
 /**
  * Selectors for Unicode sets that can be returned by ucnv_getUnicodeSet().
  * @see ucnv_getUnicodeSet
  * @stable ICU 2.6
  */
 typedef enum UConverterUnicodeSet {
     /** Select the set of roundtrippable Unicode code points. @stable ICU 2.6 */
     UCNV_ROUNDTRIP_SET,
     /** Select the set of Unicode code points with roundtrip or fallback mappings. @stable ICU 4.0 */
     UCNV_ROUNDTRIP_AND_FALLBACK_SET,
 #ifndef U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
     /**
      * Number of UConverterUnicodeSet selectors.
      * @deprecated ICU 58 The numeric value may change over time, see ICU ticket #12420.
      */
     UCNV_SET_COUNT
 #endif  // U_HIDE_DEPRECATED_API
 } UConverterUnicodeSet;
 
 
 /**
  * Returns the set of Unicode code points that can be converted by an ICU converter.
  *
  * Returns one of several kinds of set:
  *
  * 1. UCNV_ROUNDTRIP_SET
  *
  * The set of all Unicode code points that can be roundtrip-converted
  * (converted without any data loss) with the converter (ucnv_fromUnicode()).
  * This set will not include code points that have fallback mappings
  * or are only the result of reverse fallback mappings.
  * This set will also not include PUA code points with fallbacks, although
  * ucnv_fromUnicode() will always uses those mappings despite ucnv_setFallback().
  * See UTR #22 "Character Mapping Markup Language"
  * at http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr22/
  *
  * This is useful for example for
  * - checking that a string or document can be roundtrip-converted with a converter,
  *   without/before actually performing the conversion
  * - testing if a converter can be used for text for typical text for a certain locale,
  *   by comparing its roundtrip set with the set of ExemplarCharacters from
  *   ICU's locale data or other sources
  *
  * 2. UCNV_ROUNDTRIP_AND_FALLBACK_SET
  *
  * The set of all Unicode code points that can be converted with the converter (ucnv_fromUnicode())
  * when fallbacks are turned on (see ucnv_setFallback()).
  * This set includes all code points with roundtrips and fallbacks (but not reverse fallbacks).
  *
  * In the future, there may be more UConverterUnicodeSet choices to select
  * sets with different properties.
  *
  * @param cnv The converter for which a set is requested.
  * @param setFillIn A valid USet *. It will be cleared by this function before
  *            the converter's specific set is filled into the USet.
  * @param whichSet A UConverterUnicodeSet selector;
  *              currently UCNV_ROUNDTRIP_SET is the only supported value.
  * @param pErrorCode ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                   Must fulfill U_SUCCESS before the function call.
  *
  * @see UConverterUnicodeSet
  * @see uset_open
  * @see uset_close
  * @stable ICU 2.6
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getUnicodeSet(const UConverter *cnv,
                    USet *setFillIn,
                    UConverterUnicodeSet whichSet,
                    UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Gets the current callback function used by the converter when an illegal
  *  or invalid codepage sequence is found.
  * Context pointers are always owned by the caller.
  *
  * @param converter the unicode converter
  * @param action fillin: returns the callback function pointer
  * @param context fillin: returns the callback's private void* context
  * @see ucnv_setToUCallBack
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getToUCallBack (const UConverter * converter,
                      UConverterToUCallback *action,
                      const void **context);
 
 /**
  * Gets the current callback function used by the converter when illegal
  * or invalid Unicode sequence is found.
  * Context pointers are always owned by the caller.
  *
  * @param converter the unicode converter
  * @param action fillin: returns the callback function pointer
  * @param context fillin: returns the callback's private void* context
  * @see ucnv_setFromUCallBack
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getFromUCallBack (const UConverter * converter,
                        UConverterFromUCallback *action,
                        const void **context);
 
 /**
  * Changes the callback function used by the converter when
  * an illegal or invalid sequence is found.
  * Context pointers are always owned by the caller.
  * Predefined actions and contexts can be found in the ucnv_err.h header.
  *
  * @param converter the unicode converter
  * @param newAction the new callback function
  * @param newContext the new toUnicode callback context pointer. This can be NULL.
  * @param oldAction fillin: returns the old callback function pointer. This can be NULL.
  * @param oldContext fillin: returns the old callback's private void* context. This can be NULL.
  * @param err The error code status
  * @see ucnv_getToUCallBack
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_setToUCallBack (UConverter * converter,
                      UConverterToUCallback newAction,
                      const void* newContext,
                      UConverterToUCallback *oldAction,
                      const void** oldContext,
                      UErrorCode * err);
 
 /**
  * Changes the current callback function used by the converter when
  * an illegal or invalid sequence is found.
  * Context pointers are always owned by the caller.
  * Predefined actions and contexts can be found in the ucnv_err.h header.
  *
  * @param converter the unicode converter
  * @param newAction the new callback function
  * @param newContext the new fromUnicode callback context pointer. This can be NULL.
  * @param oldAction fillin: returns the old callback function pointer. This can be NULL.
  * @param oldContext fillin: returns the old callback's private void* context. This can be NULL.
  * @param err The error code status
  * @see ucnv_getFromUCallBack
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_setFromUCallBack (UConverter * converter,
                        UConverterFromUCallback newAction,
                        const void *newContext,
                        UConverterFromUCallback *oldAction,
                        const void **oldContext,
                        UErrorCode * err);
 
 /**
  * Converts an array of unicode characters to an array of codepage
  * characters. This function is optimized for converting a continuous
  * stream of data in buffer-sized chunks, where the entire source and
  * target does not fit in available buffers.
  *
  * The source pointer is an in/out parameter. It starts out pointing where the
  * conversion is to begin, and ends up pointing after the last UChar consumed.
  *
  * Target similarly starts out pointer at the first available byte in the output
  * buffer, and ends up pointing after the last byte written to the output.
  *
  * The converter always attempts to consume the entire source buffer, unless
  * (1.) the target buffer is full, or (2.) a failing error is returned from the
  * current callback function.  When a successful error status has been
  * returned, it means that all of the source buffer has been
  *  consumed. At that point, the caller should reset the source and
  *  sourceLimit pointers to point to the next chunk.
  *
  * At the end of the stream (flush==true), the input is completely consumed
  * when *source==sourceLimit and no error code is set.
  * The converter object is then automatically reset by this function.
  * (This means that a converter need not be reset explicitly between data
  * streams if it finishes the previous stream without errors.)
  *
  * This is a <I>stateful</I> conversion. Additionally, even when all source data has
  * been consumed, some data may be in the converters' internal state.
  * Call this function repeatedly, updating the target pointers with
  * the next empty chunk of target in case of a
  * <TT>U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR</TT>, and updating the source  pointers
  *  with the next chunk of source when a successful error status is
  * returned, until there are no more chunks of source data.
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param target I/O parameter. Input : Points to the beginning of the buffer to copy
  *  codepage characters to. Output : points to after the last codepage character copied
  *  to <TT>target</TT>.
  * @param targetLimit the pointer just after last of the <TT>target</TT> buffer
  * @param source I/O parameter, pointer to pointer to the source Unicode character buffer.
  * @param sourceLimit the pointer just after the last of the source buffer
  * @param offsets if NULL is passed, nothing will happen to it, otherwise it needs to have the same number
  * of allocated cells as <TT>target</TT>. Will fill in offsets from target to source pointer
  * e.g: <TT>offsets[3]</TT> is equal to 6, it means that the <TT>target[3]</TT> was a result of transcoding <TT>source[6]</TT>
  * For output data carried across calls, and other data without a specific source character
  * (such as from escape sequences or callbacks)  -1 will be placed for offsets.
  * @param flush set to <TT>true</TT> if the current source buffer is the last available
  * chunk of the source, <TT>false</TT> otherwise. Note that if a failing status is returned,
  * this function may have to be called multiple times with flush set to <TT>true</TT> until
  * the source buffer is consumed.
  * @param err the error status.  <TT>U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR</TT> will be set if the
  * converter is <TT>NULL</TT>.
  * <code>U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR</code> will be set if the target is full and there is
  * still data to be written to the target.
  * @see ucnv_fromUChars
  * @see ucnv_convert
  * @see ucnv_getMinCharSize
  * @see ucnv_setToUCallBack
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_fromUnicode (UConverter * converter,
                   char **target,
                   const char *targetLimit,
                   const UChar ** source,
                   const UChar * sourceLimit,
                   int32_t* offsets,
                   UBool flush,
                   UErrorCode * err);
 
 /**
  * Converts a buffer of codepage bytes into an array of unicode UChars
  * characters. This function is optimized for converting a continuous
  * stream of data in buffer-sized chunks, where the entire source and
  * target does not fit in available buffers.
  *
  * The source pointer is an in/out parameter. It starts out pointing where the
  * conversion is to begin, and ends up pointing after the last byte of source consumed.
  *
  * Target similarly starts out pointer at the first available UChar in the output
  * buffer, and ends up pointing after the last UChar written to the output.
  * It does NOT necessarily keep UChar sequences together.
  *
  * The converter always attempts to consume the entire source buffer, unless
  * (1.) the target buffer is full, or (2.) a failing error is returned from the
  * current callback function.  When a successful error status has been
  * returned, it means that all of the source buffer has been
  *  consumed. At that point, the caller should reset the source and
  *  sourceLimit pointers to point to the next chunk.
  *
  * At the end of the stream (flush==true), the input is completely consumed
  * when *source==sourceLimit and no error code is set
  * The converter object is then automatically reset by this function.
  * (This means that a converter need not be reset explicitly between data
  * streams if it finishes the previous stream without errors.)
  *
  * This is a <I>stateful</I> conversion. Additionally, even when all source data has
  * been consumed, some data may be in the converters' internal state.
  * Call this function repeatedly, updating the target pointers with
  * the next empty chunk of target in case of a
  * <TT>U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR</TT>, and updating the source  pointers
  *  with the next chunk of source when a successful error status is
  * returned, until there are no more chunks of source data.
  * @param converter the Unicode converter
  * @param target I/O parameter. Input : Points to the beginning of the buffer to copy
  *  UChars into. Output : points to after the last UChar copied.
  * @param targetLimit the pointer just after the end of the <TT>target</TT> buffer
  * @param source I/O parameter, pointer to pointer to the source codepage buffer.
  * @param sourceLimit the pointer to the byte after the end of the source buffer
  * @param offsets if NULL is passed, nothing will happen to it, otherwise it needs to have the same number
  * of allocated cells as <TT>target</TT>. Will fill in offsets from target to source pointer
  * e.g: <TT>offsets[3]</TT> is equal to 6, it means that the <TT>target[3]</TT> was a result of transcoding <TT>source[6]</TT>
  * For output data carried across calls, and other data without a specific source character
  * (such as from escape sequences or callbacks)  -1 will be placed for offsets.
  * @param flush set to <TT>true</TT> if the current source buffer is the last available
  * chunk of the source, <TT>false</TT> otherwise. Note that if a failing status is returned,
  * this function may have to be called multiple times with flush set to <TT>true</TT> until
  * the source buffer is consumed.
  * @param err the error status.  <TT>U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR</TT> will be set if the
  * converter is <TT>NULL</TT>.
  * <code>U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR</code> will be set if the target is full and there is
  * still data to be written to the target.
  * @see ucnv_fromUChars
  * @see ucnv_convert
  * @see ucnv_getMinCharSize
  * @see ucnv_setFromUCallBack
  * @see ucnv_getNextUChar
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_toUnicode(UConverter *converter,
                UChar **target,
                const UChar *targetLimit,
                const char **source,
                const char *sourceLimit,
                int32_t *offsets,
                UBool flush,
                UErrorCode *err);
 
 /**
  * Convert the Unicode string into a codepage string using an existing UConverter.
  * The output string is NUL-terminated if possible.
  *
  * This function is a more convenient but less powerful version of ucnv_fromUnicode().
  * It is only useful for whole strings, not for streaming conversion.
  *
  * The maximum output buffer capacity required (barring output from callbacks) will be
  * UCNV_GET_MAX_BYTES_FOR_STRING(srcLength, ucnv_getMaxCharSize(cnv)).
  *
  * @param cnv the converter object to be used (ucnv_resetFromUnicode() will be called)
  * @param src the input Unicode string
  * @param srcLength the input string length, or -1 if NUL-terminated
  * @param dest destination string buffer, can be NULL if destCapacity==0
  * @param destCapacity the number of chars available at dest
  * @param pErrorCode normal ICU error code;
  *                  common error codes that may be set by this function include
  *                  U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR, U_STRING_NOT_TERMINATED_WARNING,
  *                  U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR, and conversion errors
  * @return the length of the output string, not counting the terminating NUL;
  *         if the length is greater than destCapacity, then the string will not fit
  *         and a buffer of the indicated length would need to be passed in
  * @see ucnv_fromUnicode
  * @see ucnv_convert
  * @see UCNV_GET_MAX_BYTES_FOR_STRING
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_fromUChars(UConverter *cnv,
                 char *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
                 const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
                 UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Convert the codepage string into a Unicode string using an existing UConverter.
  * The output string is NUL-terminated if possible.
  *
  * This function is a more convenient but less powerful version of ucnv_toUnicode().
  * It is only useful for whole strings, not for streaming conversion.
  *
  * The maximum output buffer capacity required (barring output from callbacks) will be
  * 2*srcLength (each char may be converted into a surrogate pair).
  *
  * @param cnv the converter object to be used (ucnv_resetToUnicode() will be called)
  * @param src the input codepage string
  * @param srcLength the input string length, or -1 if NUL-terminated
  * @param dest destination string buffer, can be NULL if destCapacity==0
  * @param destCapacity the number of UChars available at dest
  * @param pErrorCode normal ICU error code;
  *                  common error codes that may be set by this function include
  *                  U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR, U_STRING_NOT_TERMINATED_WARNING,
  *                  U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR, and conversion errors
  * @return the length of the output string, not counting the terminating NUL;
  *         if the length is greater than destCapacity, then the string will not fit
  *         and a buffer of the indicated length would need to be passed in
  * @see ucnv_toUnicode
  * @see ucnv_convert
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_toUChars(UConverter *cnv,
               UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
               const char *src, int32_t srcLength,
               UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Convert a codepage buffer into Unicode one character at a time.
  * The input is completely consumed when the U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR is set.
  *
  * Advantage compared to ucnv_toUnicode() or ucnv_toUChars():
  * - Faster for small amounts of data, for most converters, e.g.,
  *   US-ASCII, ISO-8859-1, UTF-8/16/32, and most "normal" charsets.
  *   (For complex converters, e.g., SCSU, UTF-7 and ISO 2022 variants,
  *    it uses ucnv_toUnicode() internally.)
  * - Convenient.
  *
  * Limitations compared to ucnv_toUnicode():
  * - Always assumes flush=true.
  *   This makes ucnv_getNextUChar() unsuitable for "streaming" conversion,
  *   that is, for where the input is supplied in multiple buffers,
  *   because ucnv_getNextUChar() will assume the end of the input at the end
  *   of the first buffer.
  * - Does not provide offset output.
  *
  * It is possible to "mix" ucnv_getNextUChar() and ucnv_toUnicode() because
  * ucnv_getNextUChar() uses the current state of the converter
  * (unlike ucnv_toUChars() which always resets first).
  * However, if ucnv_getNextUChar() is called after ucnv_toUnicode()
  * stopped in the middle of a character sequence (with flush=false),
  * then ucnv_getNextUChar() will always use the slower ucnv_toUnicode()
  * internally until the next character boundary.
  * (This is new in ICU 2.6. In earlier releases, ucnv_getNextUChar() had to
  * start at a character boundary.)
  *
  * Instead of using ucnv_getNextUChar(), it is recommended
  * to convert using ucnv_toUnicode() or ucnv_toUChars()
  * and then iterate over the text using U16_NEXT() or a UCharIterator (uiter.h)
  * or a C++ CharacterIterator or similar.
  * This allows streaming conversion and offset output, for example.
  *
  * <p>Handling of surrogate pairs and supplementary-plane code points:<br>
  * There are two different kinds of codepages that provide mappings for surrogate characters:
  * <ul>
  *   <li>Codepages like UTF-8, UTF-32, and GB 18030 provide direct representations for Unicode
  *       code points U+10000-U+10ffff as well as for single surrogates U+d800-U+dfff.
  *       Each valid sequence will result in exactly one returned code point.
  *       If a sequence results in a single surrogate, then that will be returned
  *       by itself, even if a neighboring sequence encodes the matching surrogate.</li>
  *   <li>Codepages like SCSU and LMBCS (and UTF-16) provide direct representations only for BMP code points
  *       including surrogates. Code points in supplementary planes are represented with
  *       two sequences, each encoding a surrogate.
  *       For these codepages, matching pairs of surrogates will be combined into single
  *       code points for returning from this function.
  *       (Note that SCSU is actually a mix of these codepage types.)</li>
  * </ul></p>
  *
  * @param converter an open UConverter
  * @param source the address of a pointer to the codepage buffer, will be
  *  updated to point after the bytes consumed in the conversion call.
  * @param sourceLimit points to the end of the input buffer
  * @param err fills in error status (see ucnv_toUnicode)
  * <code>U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR</code> will be set if the input
  * is empty or does not convert to any output (e.g.: pure state-change
  * codes SI/SO, escape sequences for ISO 2022,
  * or if the callback did not output anything, ...).
  * This function will not set a <code>U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR</code> because
  *  the "buffer" is the return code. However, there might be subsequent output
  *  stored in the converter object
  * that will be returned in following calls to this function.
  * @return a UChar32 resulting from the partial conversion of source
  * @see ucnv_toUnicode
  * @see ucnv_toUChars
  * @see ucnv_convert
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI UChar32 U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getNextUChar(UConverter * converter,
                   const char **source,
                   const char * sourceLimit,
                   UErrorCode * err);
 
 /**
  * Convert from one external charset to another using two existing UConverters.
  * Internally, two conversions - ucnv_toUnicode() and ucnv_fromUnicode() -
  * are used, "pivoting" through 16-bit Unicode.
  *
  * Important: For streaming conversion (multiple function calls for successive
  * parts of a text stream), the caller must provide a pivot buffer explicitly,
  * and must preserve the pivot buffer and associated pointers from one
  * call to another. (The buffer may be moved if its contents and the relative
  * pointer positions are preserved.)
  *
  * There is a similar function, ucnv_convert(),
  * which has the following limitations:
  * - it takes charset names, not converter objects, so that
  *   - two converters are opened for each call
  *   - only single-string conversion is possible, not streaming operation
  * - it does not provide enough information to find out,
  *   in case of failure, whether the toUnicode or
  *   the fromUnicode conversion failed
  *
  * By contrast, ucnv_convertEx()
  * - takes UConverter parameters instead of charset names
  * - fully exposes the pivot buffer for streaming conversion and complete error handling
  *
  * ucnv_convertEx() also provides further convenience:
  * - an option to reset the converters at the beginning
  *   (if reset==true, see parameters;
  *    also sets *pivotTarget=*pivotSource=pivotStart)
  * - allow NUL-terminated input
  *   (only a single NUL byte, will not work for charsets with multi-byte NULs)
  *   (if sourceLimit==NULL, see parameters)
  * - terminate with a NUL on output
  *   (only a single NUL byte, not useful for charsets with multi-byte NULs),
  *   or set U_STRING_NOT_TERMINATED_WARNING if the output exactly fills
  *   the target buffer
  * - the pivot buffer can be provided internally;
  *   possible only for whole-string conversion, not streaming conversion;
  *   in this case, the caller will not be able to get details about where an
  *   error occurred
  *   (if pivotStart==NULL, see below)
  *
  * The function returns when one of the following is true:
  * - the entire source text has been converted successfully to the target buffer
  * - a target buffer overflow occurred (U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR)
  * - a conversion error occurred
  *   (other U_FAILURE(), see description of pErrorCode)
  *
  * Limitation compared to the direct use of
  * ucnv_fromUnicode() and ucnv_toUnicode():
  * ucnv_convertEx() does not provide offset information.
  *
  * Limitation compared to ucnv_fromUChars() and ucnv_toUChars():
  * ucnv_convertEx() does not support preflighting directly.
  *
  * Sample code for converting a single string from
  * one external charset to UTF-8, ignoring the location of errors:
  *
  * \code
  * int32_t
  * myToUTF8(UConverter *cnv,
  *          const char *s, int32_t length,
  *          char *u8, int32_t capacity,
  *          UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
  *     UConverter *utf8Cnv;
  *     char *target;
  *
  *     if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
  *         return 0;
  *     }
  *
  *     utf8Cnv=myGetCachedUTF8Converter(pErrorCode);
  *     if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
  *         return 0;
  *     }
  *
  *     if(length<0) {
  *         length=strlen(s);
  *     }
  *     target=u8;
  *     ucnv_convertEx(utf8Cnv, cnv,
  *                    &target, u8+capacity,
  *                    &s, s+length,
  *                    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
  *                    true, true,
  *                    pErrorCode);
  *
  *     myReleaseCachedUTF8Converter(utf8Cnv);
  *
  *     // return the output string length, but without preflighting
  *     return (int32_t)(target-u8);
  * }
  * \endcode
  *
  * @param targetCnv     Output converter, used to convert from the UTF-16 pivot
  *                      to the target using ucnv_fromUnicode().
  * @param sourceCnv     Input converter, used to convert from the source to
  *                      the UTF-16 pivot using ucnv_toUnicode().
  * @param target        I/O parameter, same as for ucnv_fromUChars().
  *                      Input: *target points to the beginning of the target buffer.
  *                      Output: *target points to the first unit after the last char written.
  * @param targetLimit   Pointer to the first unit after the target buffer.
  * @param source        I/O parameter, same as for ucnv_toUChars().
  *                      Input: *source points to the beginning of the source buffer.
  *                      Output: *source points to the first unit after the last char read.
  * @param sourceLimit   Pointer to the first unit after the source buffer.
  * @param pivotStart    Pointer to the UTF-16 pivot buffer. If pivotStart==NULL,
  *                      then an internal buffer is used and the other pivot
  *                      arguments are ignored and can be NULL as well.
  * @param pivotSource   I/O parameter, same as source in ucnv_fromUChars() for
  *                      conversion from the pivot buffer to the target buffer.
  * @param pivotTarget   I/O parameter, same as target in ucnv_toUChars() for
  *                      conversion from the source buffer to the pivot buffer.
  *                      It must be pivotStart<=*pivotSource<=*pivotTarget<=pivotLimit
  *                      and pivotStart<pivotLimit (unless pivotStart==NULL).
  * @param pivotLimit    Pointer to the first unit after the pivot buffer.
  * @param reset         If true, then ucnv_resetToUnicode(sourceCnv) and
  *                      ucnv_resetFromUnicode(targetCnv) are called, and the
  *                      pivot pointers are reset (*pivotTarget=*pivotSource=pivotStart).
  * @param flush         If true, indicates the end of the input.
  *                      Passed directly to ucnv_toUnicode(), and carried over to
  *                      ucnv_fromUnicode() when the source is empty as well.
  * @param pErrorCode    ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                      Must fulfill U_SUCCESS before the function call.
  *                      U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR always refers to the target buffer
  *                      because overflows into the pivot buffer are handled internally.
  *                      Other conversion errors are from the source-to-pivot
  *                      conversion if *pivotSource==pivotStart, otherwise from
  *                      the pivot-to-target conversion.
  *
  * @see ucnv_convert
  * @see ucnv_fromAlgorithmic
  * @see ucnv_toAlgorithmic
  * @see ucnv_fromUnicode
  * @see ucnv_toUnicode
  * @see ucnv_fromUChars
  * @see ucnv_toUChars
  * @stable ICU 2.6
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_convertEx(UConverter *targetCnv, UConverter *sourceCnv,
                char **target, const char *targetLimit,
                const char **source, const char *sourceLimit,
                UChar *pivotStart, UChar **pivotSource,
                UChar **pivotTarget, const UChar *pivotLimit,
                UBool reset, UBool flush,
                UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Convert from one external charset to another.
  * Internally, two converters are opened according to the name arguments,
  * then the text is converted to and from the 16-bit Unicode "pivot"
  * using ucnv_convertEx(), then the converters are closed again.
  *
  * This is a convenience function, not an efficient way to convert a lot of text:
  * ucnv_convert()
  * - takes charset names, not converter objects, so that
  *   - two converters are opened for each call
  *   - only single-string conversion is possible, not streaming operation
  * - does not provide enough information to find out,
  *   in case of failure, whether the toUnicode or
  *   the fromUnicode conversion failed
  * - allows NUL-terminated input
  *   (only a single NUL byte, will not work for charsets with multi-byte NULs)
  *   (if sourceLength==-1, see parameters)
  * - terminate with a NUL on output
  *   (only a single NUL byte, not useful for charsets with multi-byte NULs),
  *   or set U_STRING_NOT_TERMINATED_WARNING if the output exactly fills
  *   the target buffer
  * - a pivot buffer is provided internally
  *
  * The function returns when one of the following is true:
  * - the entire source text has been converted successfully to the target buffer
  *   and either the target buffer is terminated with a single NUL byte
  *   or the error code is set to U_STRING_NOT_TERMINATED_WARNING
  * - a target buffer overflow occurred (U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR)
  *   and the full output string length is returned ("preflighting")
  * - a conversion error occurred
  *   (other U_FAILURE(), see description of pErrorCode)
  *
  * @param toConverterName   The name of the converter that is used to convert
  *                          from the UTF-16 pivot buffer to the target.
  * @param fromConverterName The name of the converter that is used to convert
  *                          from the source to the UTF-16 pivot buffer.
  * @param target            Pointer to the output buffer.
  * @param targetCapacity    Capacity of the target, in bytes.
  * @param source            Pointer to the input buffer.
  * @param sourceLength      Length of the input text, in bytes, or -1 for NUL-terminated input.
  * @param pErrorCode        ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                          Must fulfill U_SUCCESS before the function call.
  * @return Length of the complete output text in bytes, even if it exceeds the targetCapacity
  *         and a U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR is set.
  *
  * @see ucnv_convertEx
  * @see ucnv_fromAlgorithmic
  * @see ucnv_toAlgorithmic
  * @see ucnv_fromUnicode
  * @see ucnv_toUnicode
  * @see ucnv_fromUChars
  * @see ucnv_toUChars
  * @see ucnv_getNextUChar
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_convert(const char *toConverterName,
              const char *fromConverterName,
              char *target,
              int32_t targetCapacity,
              const char *source,
              int32_t sourceLength,
              UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Convert from one external charset to another.
  * Internally, the text is converted to and from the 16-bit Unicode "pivot"
  * using ucnv_convertEx(). ucnv_toAlgorithmic() works exactly like ucnv_convert()
  * except that the two converters need not be looked up and opened completely.
  *
  * The source-to-pivot conversion uses the cnv converter parameter.
  * The pivot-to-target conversion uses a purely algorithmic converter
  * according to the specified type, e.g., UCNV_UTF8 for a UTF-8 converter.
  *
  * Internally, the algorithmic converter is opened and closed for each
  * function call, which is more efficient than using the public ucnv_open()
  * but somewhat less efficient than only resetting an existing converter
  * and using ucnv_convertEx().
  *
  * This function is more convenient than ucnv_convertEx() for single-string
  * conversions, especially when "preflighting" is desired (returning the length
  * of the complete output even if it does not fit into the target buffer;
  * see the User Guide Strings chapter). See ucnv_convert() for details.
  *
  * @param algorithmicType   UConverterType constant identifying the desired target
  *                          charset as a purely algorithmic converter.
  *                          Those are converters for Unicode charsets like
  *                          UTF-8, BOCU-1, SCSU, UTF-7, IMAP-mailbox-name, etc.,
  *                          as well as US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1.
  * @param cnv               The converter that is used to convert
  *                          from the source to the UTF-16 pivot buffer.
  * @param target            Pointer to the output buffer.
  * @param targetCapacity    Capacity of the target, in bytes.
  * @param source            Pointer to the input buffer.
  * @param sourceLength      Length of the input text, in bytes
  * @param pErrorCode        ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                          Must fulfill U_SUCCESS before the function call.
  * @return Length of the complete output text in bytes, even if it exceeds the targetCapacity
  *         and a U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR is set.
  *
  * @see ucnv_fromAlgorithmic
  * @see ucnv_convert
  * @see ucnv_convertEx
  * @see ucnv_fromUnicode
  * @see ucnv_toUnicode
  * @see ucnv_fromUChars
  * @see ucnv_toUChars
  * @stable ICU 2.6
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_toAlgorithmic(UConverterType algorithmicType,
                    UConverter *cnv,
                    char *target, int32_t targetCapacity,
                    const char *source, int32_t sourceLength,
                    UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Convert from one external charset to another.
  * Internally, the text is converted to and from the 16-bit Unicode "pivot"
  * using ucnv_convertEx(). ucnv_fromAlgorithmic() works exactly like ucnv_convert()
  * except that the two converters need not be looked up and opened completely.
  *
  * The source-to-pivot conversion uses a purely algorithmic converter
  * according to the specified type, e.g., UCNV_UTF8 for a UTF-8 converter.
  * The pivot-to-target conversion uses the cnv converter parameter.
  *
  * Internally, the algorithmic converter is opened and closed for each
  * function call, which is more efficient than using the public ucnv_open()
  * but somewhat less efficient than only resetting an existing converter
  * and using ucnv_convertEx().
  *
  * This function is more convenient than ucnv_convertEx() for single-string
  * conversions, especially when "preflighting" is desired (returning the length
  * of the complete output even if it does not fit into the target buffer;
  * see the User Guide Strings chapter). See ucnv_convert() for details.
  *
  * @param cnv               The converter that is used to convert
  *                          from the UTF-16 pivot buffer to the target.
  * @param algorithmicType   UConverterType constant identifying the desired source
  *                          charset as a purely algorithmic converter.
  *                          Those are converters for Unicode charsets like
  *                          UTF-8, BOCU-1, SCSU, UTF-7, IMAP-mailbox-name, etc.,
  *                          as well as US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1.
  * @param target            Pointer to the output buffer.
  * @param targetCapacity    Capacity of the target, in bytes.
  * @param source            Pointer to the input buffer.
  * @param sourceLength      Length of the input text, in bytes
  * @param pErrorCode        ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                          Must fulfill U_SUCCESS before the function call.
  * @return Length of the complete output text in bytes, even if it exceeds the targetCapacity
  *         and a U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR is set.
  *
  * @see ucnv_fromAlgorithmic
  * @see ucnv_convert
  * @see ucnv_convertEx
  * @see ucnv_fromUnicode
  * @see ucnv_toUnicode
  * @see ucnv_fromUChars
  * @see ucnv_toUChars
  * @stable ICU 2.6
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_fromAlgorithmic(UConverter *cnv,
                      UConverterType algorithmicType,
                      char *target, int32_t targetCapacity,
                      const char *source, int32_t sourceLength,
                      UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Frees up memory occupied by unused, cached converter shared data.
  *
  * @return the number of cached converters successfully deleted
  * @see ucnv_close
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_flushCache(void);
 
 /**
  * Returns the number of available converters, as per the alias file.
  *
  * @return the number of available converters
  * @see ucnv_getAvailableName
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_countAvailable(void);
 
 /**
  * Gets the canonical converter name of the specified converter from a list of
  * all available converters contained in the alias file. All converters
  * in this list can be opened.
  *
  * @param n the index to a converter available on the system (in the range <TT>[0..ucnv_countAvailable()]</TT>)
  * @return a pointer a string (library owned), or <TT>NULL</TT> if the index is out of bounds.
  * @see ucnv_countAvailable
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI const char* U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getAvailableName(int32_t n);
 
 /**
  * Returns a UEnumeration to enumerate all of the canonical converter
  * names, as per the alias file, regardless of the ability to open each
  * converter.
  *
  * @return A UEnumeration object for getting all the recognized canonical
  *   converter names.
  * @see ucnv_getAvailableName
  * @see uenum_close
  * @see uenum_next
  * @stable ICU 2.4
  */
 U_CAPI UEnumeration * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_openAllNames(UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Gives the number of aliases for a given converter or alias name.
  * If the alias is ambiguous, then the preferred converter is used
  * and the status is set to U_AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_WARNING.
  * This method only enumerates the listed entries in the alias file.
  * @param alias alias name
  * @param pErrorCode error status
  * @return number of names on alias list for given alias
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI uint16_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_countAliases(const char *alias, UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Gives the name of the alias at given index of alias list.
  * This method only enumerates the listed entries in the alias file.
  * If the alias is ambiguous, then the preferred converter is used
  * and the status is set to U_AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_WARNING.
  * @param alias alias name
  * @param n index in alias list
  * @param pErrorCode result of operation
  * @return returns the name of the alias at given index
  * @see ucnv_countAliases
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI const char * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getAlias(const char *alias, uint16_t n, UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Fill-up the list of alias names for the given alias.
  * This method only enumerates the listed entries in the alias file.
  * If the alias is ambiguous, then the preferred converter is used
  * and the status is set to U_AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_WARNING.
  * @param alias alias name
  * @param aliases fill-in list, aliases is a pointer to an array of
  *        <code>ucnv_countAliases()</code> string-pointers
  *        (<code>const char *</code>) that will be filled in.
  *        The strings themselves are owned by the library.
  * @param pErrorCode result of operation
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getAliases(const char *alias, const char **aliases, UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Return a new UEnumeration object for enumerating all the
  * alias names for a given converter that are recognized by a standard.
  * This method only enumerates the listed entries in the alias file.
  * The convrtrs.txt file can be modified to change the results of
  * this function.
  * The first result in this list is the same result given by
  * <code>ucnv_getStandardName</code>, which is the default alias for
  * the specified standard name. The returned object must be closed with
  * <code>uenum_close</code> when you are done with the object.
  *
  * @param convName original converter name
  * @param standard name of the standard governing the names; MIME and IANA
  *      are such standards
  * @param pErrorCode The error code
  * @return A UEnumeration object for getting all aliases that are recognized
  *      by a standard. If any of the parameters are invalid, NULL
  *      is returned.
  * @see ucnv_getStandardName
  * @see uenum_close
  * @see uenum_next
  * @stable ICU 2.2
  */
 U_CAPI UEnumeration * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_openStandardNames(const char *convName,
                        const char *standard,
                        UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Gives the number of standards associated to converter names.
  * @return number of standards
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI uint16_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_countStandards(void);
 
 /**
  * Gives the name of the standard at given index of standard list.
  * @param n index in standard list
  * @param pErrorCode result of operation
  * @return returns the name of the standard at given index. Owned by the library.
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI const char * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getStandard(uint16_t n, UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Returns a standard name for a given converter name.
  * <p>
  * Example alias table:<br>
  * conv alias1 { STANDARD1 } alias2 { STANDARD1* }
  * <p>
  * Result of ucnv_getStandardName("conv", "STANDARD1") from example
  * alias table:<br>
  * <b>"alias2"</b>
  *
  * @param name original converter name
  * @param standard name of the standard governing the names; MIME and IANA
  *        are such standards
  * @param pErrorCode result of operation
  * @return returns the standard converter name;
  *         if a standard converter name cannot be determined,
  *         then <code>NULL</code> is returned. Owned by the library.
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI const char * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getStandardName(const char *name, const char *standard, UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * This function will return the internal canonical converter name of the
  * tagged alias. This is the opposite of ucnv_openStandardNames, which
  * returns the tagged alias given the canonical name.
  * <p>
  * Example alias table:<br>
  * conv alias1 { STANDARD1 } alias2 { STANDARD1* }
  * <p>
  * Result of ucnv_getStandardName("alias1", "STANDARD1") from example
  * alias table:<br>
  * <b>"conv"</b>
  *
  * @return returns the canonical converter name;
  *         if a standard or alias name cannot be determined,
  *         then <code>NULL</code> is returned. The returned string is
  *         owned by the library.
  * @see ucnv_getStandardName
  * @stable ICU 2.4
  */
 U_CAPI const char * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getCanonicalName(const char *alias, const char *standard, UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Returns the current default converter name. If you want to open
  * a default converter, you do not need to use this function.
  * It is faster if you pass a NULL argument to ucnv_open the
  * default converter.
  *
  * If U_CHARSET_IS_UTF8 is defined to 1 in utypes.h then this function
  * always returns "UTF-8".
  *
  * @return returns the current default converter name.
  *         Storage owned by the library
  * @see ucnv_setDefaultName
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI const char * U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_getDefaultName(void);
 
 #ifndef U_HIDE_SYSTEM_API
 /**
  * This function is not thread safe. DO NOT call this function when ANY ICU
  * function is being used from more than one thread! This function sets the
  * current default converter name. If this function needs to be called, it
  * should be called during application initialization. Most of the time, the
  * results from ucnv_getDefaultName() or ucnv_open with a NULL string argument
  * is sufficient for your application.
  *
  * If U_CHARSET_IS_UTF8 is defined to 1 in utypes.h then this function
  * does nothing.
  *
  * @param name the converter name to be the default (must be known by ICU).
  * @see ucnv_getDefaultName
  * @system
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_setDefaultName(const char *name);
 #endif  /* U_HIDE_SYSTEM_API */
 
 /**
  * Fixes the backslash character mismapping.  For example, in SJIS, the backslash
  * character in the ASCII portion is also used to represent the yen currency sign.
  * When mapping from Unicode character 0x005C, it's unclear whether to map the
  * character back to yen or backslash in SJIS.  This function will take the input
  * buffer and replace all the yen sign characters with backslash.  This is necessary
  * when the user tries to open a file with the input buffer on Windows.
  * This function will test the converter to see whether such mapping is
  * required.  You can sometimes avoid using this function by using the correct version
  * of Shift-JIS.
  *
  * @param cnv The converter representing the target codepage.
  * @param source the input buffer to be fixed
  * @param sourceLen the length of the input buffer
  * @see ucnv_isAmbiguous
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_fixFileSeparator(const UConverter *cnv, UChar *source, int32_t sourceLen);
 
 /**
  * Determines if the converter contains ambiguous mappings of the same
  * character or not.
  * @param cnv the converter to be tested
  * @return true if the converter contains ambiguous mapping of the same
  * character, false otherwise.
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  */
 U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_isAmbiguous(const UConverter *cnv);
 
 /**
  * Sets the converter to use fallback mappings or not.
  * Regardless of this flag, the converter will always use
  * fallbacks from Unicode Private Use code points, as well as
  * reverse fallbacks (to Unicode).
  * For details see ".ucm File Format"
  * in the Conversion Data chapter of the ICU User Guide:
  * https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/conversion/data.html#ucm-file-format
  *
  * @param cnv The converter to set the fallback mapping usage on.
  * @param usesFallback true if the user wants the converter to take advantage of the fallback
  * mapping, false otherwise.
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  * @see ucnv_usesFallback
  */
 U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_setFallback(UConverter *cnv, UBool usesFallback);
 
 /**
  * Determines if the converter uses fallback mappings or not.
  * This flag has restrictions, see ucnv_setFallback().
  *
  * @param cnv The converter to be tested
  * @return true if the converter uses fallback, false otherwise.
  * @stable ICU 2.0
  * @see ucnv_setFallback
  */
 U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_usesFallback(const UConverter *cnv);
 
 /**
  * Detects Unicode signature byte sequences at the start of the byte stream
  * and returns the charset name of the indicated Unicode charset.
  * NULL is returned when no Unicode signature is recognized.
  * The number of bytes in the signature is output as well.
  *
  * The caller can ucnv_open() a converter using the charset name.
  * The first code unit (UChar) from the start of the stream will be U+FEFF
  * (the Unicode BOM/signature character) and can usually be ignored.
  *
  * For most Unicode charsets it is also possible to ignore the indicated
  * number of initial stream bytes and start converting after them.
  * However, there are stateful Unicode charsets (UTF-7 and BOCU-1) for which
  * this will not work. Therefore, it is best to ignore the first output UChar
  * instead of the input signature bytes.
  * <p>
  * Usage:
  * \snippet samples/ucnv/convsamp.cpp ucnv_detectUnicodeSignature
  *
  * @param source            The source string in which the signature should be detected.
  * @param sourceLength      Length of the input string, or -1 if terminated with a NUL byte.
  * @param signatureLength   A pointer to int32_t to receive the number of bytes that make up the signature
  *                          of the detected UTF. 0 if not detected.
  *                          Can be a NULL pointer.
  * @param pErrorCode        ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                          Must fulfill U_SUCCESS before the function call.
  * @return The name of the encoding detected. NULL if encoding is not detected.
  * @stable ICU 2.4
  */
 U_CAPI const char* U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_detectUnicodeSignature(const char* source,
                             int32_t sourceLength,
                             int32_t *signatureLength,
                             UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
 
 /**
  * Returns the number of UChars held in the converter's internal state
  * because more input is needed for completing the conversion. This function is
  * useful for mapping semantics of ICU's converter interface to those of iconv,
  * and this information is not needed for normal conversion.
  * @param cnv       The converter in which the input is held
  * @param status    ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                  Must fulfill U_SUCCESS before the function call.
  * @return The number of UChars in the state. -1 if an error is encountered.
  * @stable ICU 3.4
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_fromUCountPending(const UConverter* cnv, UErrorCode* status);
 
 /**
  * Returns the number of chars held in the converter's internal state
  * because more input is needed for completing the conversion. This function is
  * useful for mapping semantics of ICU's converter interface to those of iconv,
  * and this information is not needed for normal conversion.
  * @param cnv       The converter in which the input is held as internal state
  * @param status    ICU error code in/out parameter.
  *                  Must fulfill U_SUCCESS before the function call.
  * @return The number of chars in the state. -1 if an error is encountered.
  * @stable ICU 3.4
  */
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_toUCountPending(const UConverter* cnv, UErrorCode* status);
 
 /**
  * Returns whether or not the charset of the converter has a fixed number of bytes
  * per charset character.
  * An example of this are converters that are of the type UCNV_SBCS or UCNV_DBCS.
  * Another example is UTF-32 which is always 4 bytes per character.
  * A Unicode code point may be represented by more than one UTF-8 or UTF-16 code unit
  * but a UTF-32 converter encodes each code point with 4 bytes.
  * Note: This method is not intended to be used to determine whether the charset has a
  * fixed ratio of bytes to Unicode codes <i>units</i> for any particular Unicode encoding form.
  * false is returned with the UErrorCode if error occurs or cnv is NULL.
  * @param cnv       The converter to be tested
  * @param status    ICU error code in/out parameter
  * @return true if the converter is fixed-width
  * @stable ICU 4.8
  */
 U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
 ucnv_isFixedWidth(UConverter *cnv, UErrorCode *status);
 
 #endif
 
 #endif
 /*_UCNV*/

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