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 /// \file ROOT/RError.hxx
 /// \ingroup Base
 /// \author Jakob Blomer <jblomer@cern.ch>
 /// \date 2019-12-11
 
 /*************************************************************************
  * Copyright (C) 1995-2020, Rene Brun and Fons Rademakers.               *
  * All rights reserved.                                                  *
  *                                                                       *
  * For the licensing terms see $ROOTSYS/LICENSE.                         *
  * For the list of contributors see $ROOTSYS/README/CREDITS.             *
  *************************************************************************/
 
 #ifndef ROOT_RError
 #define ROOT_RError
 
 #include <ROOT/RConfig.hxx> // for R__[un]likely
 #include <ROOT/RLogger.hxx> // for R__LOG_PRETTY_FUNCTION
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <memory>
 #include <new>
 #include <optional>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace ROOT {
 
 // clang-format off
 /**
 \class ROOT::RError
 \ingroup Base
 \brief Captures diagnostics related to a ROOT runtime error
 */
 // clang-format on
 class RError {
 public:
    struct RLocation {
       RLocation() = default;
       RLocation(const char *func, const char *file, unsigned int line)
          : fFunction(func), fSourceFile(file), fSourceLine(line)
       {
       }
 
       // TODO(jblomer) use std::source_location as of C++20
       const char *fFunction;
       const char *fSourceFile;
       unsigned int fSourceLine;
    };
 
 private:
    /// User-facing error message
    std::string fMessage;
    /// The location of the error related to fMessage plus upper frames if the error is forwarded through the call stack
    std::vector<RLocation> fStackTrace;
 
 public:
    /// Used by R__FAIL
    RError(std::string_view message, RLocation &&sourceLocation);
    /// Used by R__FORWARD_RESULT
    void AddFrame(RLocation &&sourceLocation);
    /// Add more information to the diagnostics
    void AppendToMessage(std::string_view info) { fMessage += info; }
    /// Format a dignostics report, e.g. for an exception message
    std::string GetReport() const;
    const std::vector<RLocation> &GetStackTrace() const { return fStackTrace; }
 };
 
 // clang-format off
 /**
 \class ROOT::RException
 \ingroup Base
 \brief Base class for all ROOT issued exceptions
 */
 // clang-format on
 class RException : public std::runtime_error {
    RError fError;
 
 public:
    explicit RException(const RError &error) : std::runtime_error(error.GetReport()), fError(error) {}
    const RError &GetError() const { return fError; }
 };
 
 // clang-format off
 /**
 \class ROOT::RResultBase
 \ingroup Base
 \brief Common handling of the error case for RResult<T> (T != void) and RResult<void>
 
 RResultBase captures a possible runtime error that might have occured.  If the RResultBase leaves the scope unchecked,
 it will throw an exception.  RResultBase should only be allocated on the stack, which is helped by deleting the
 new operator.  RResultBase is movable but not copyable to avoid throwing multiple exceptions about the same failure.
 */
 // clang-format on
 class RResultBase {
 protected:
    /// This is the nullptr for an RResult representing success
    std::unique_ptr<RError> fError;
    /// Switches to true once the user of an RResult object checks the object status
    bool fIsChecked{false};
 
    RResultBase() = default;
    explicit RResultBase(RError &&error) : fError(std::make_unique<RError>(std::move(error))) {}
 
    /// Used by the RResult<T> bool operator
    bool Check()
    {
       fIsChecked = true;
       return !fError;
    }
 
 public:
    RResultBase(const RResultBase &other) = delete;
    RResultBase(RResultBase &&other) = default;
    RResultBase &operator=(const RResultBase &other) = delete;
    RResultBase &operator=(RResultBase &&other) = default;
 
    ~RResultBase() noexcept(false);
 
    std::optional<RError> GetError() const { return fError ? *fError : std::optional<RError>(); }
    /// Throws an RException with fError
    void Throw();
 
    /// Used by R__FORWARD_ERROR in order to keep track of the stack trace.
    [[nodiscard]]
    static RError ForwardError(RResultBase &&result, RError::RLocation &&sourceLocation)
    {
       if (!result.fError) {
          return RError("internal error: attempt to forward error of successful operation", std::move(sourceLocation));
       }
       result.fError->AddFrame(std::move(sourceLocation));
       return *result.fError;
    }
 }; // class RResultBase
 
 // clang-format off
 /**
 \class ROOT::RResult
 \ingroup Base
 \brief The class is used as a return type for operations that can fail; wraps a value of type T or an RError
 
 The RResult<T> class and their related classes are used for call chains that can throw exceptions,
 such as I/O code paths.  Throwing of the exception is deferred to allow for `if (result)` style error
 checking where it makes sense.  If an RResult in error state leaves the scope unchecked, it will throw.
 
 A function returning an RResult might look like this:
 
 ~~~ {.cpp}
 RResult<int> MyIOFunc()
 {
    int rv = syscall(...);
    if (rv == -1)
       return R__FAIL("user-facing error message");
    if (rv == kShortcut)
       return 42;
    return R__FORWARD_RESULT(FuncThatReturnsRResultOfInt());
 }
 ~~~
 
 Code using MyIOFunc might look like this:
 
 ~~~ {.cpp}
 auto result = MyIOOperation();
 if (!result) {
    // custom error handling or result.Throw()
 }
 switch (result.Inspect()) {
    ...
 }
 ~~~
 
 Note that RResult<void> can be used for a function without return value, like this
 
 ~~~ {.cpp}
 RResult<void> DoSomething()
 {
    if (failure)
       return R__FAIL("user-facing error messge");
    return RResult<void>::Success();
 }
 ~~~
 
 RResult<T>::Unwrap() can be used as a short hand for
 "give me the wrapped value or, in case of an error, throw". For instance:
 
 ~~~ {.cpp}
 int value = FuncThatReturnsRResultOfInt().Unwrap();  // may throw
 ~~~
 
 There is no implicit operator that converts RResult<T> to T. This is intentional to make it clear in the calling code
 where an exception may be thrown.
 */
 // clang-format on
 template <typename T>
 class RResult : public RResultBase {
 private:
    /// The result value, only present in case of successful execution.
    std::optional<T> fValue;
 
    // Ensure accessor methods throw in case of errors
    inline void ThrowOnError()
    {
       if (R__unlikely(fError)) {
          // Accessors can be wrapped in a try-catch block, so throwing the
          // exception here is akin to checking the error.
          //
          // Setting fIsChecked to true also avoids a spurious warning in the RResult destructor
          fIsChecked = true;
 
          fError->AppendToMessage(" (unchecked RResult access!)");
          throw RException(*fError);
       }
    }
 
 public:
    RResult(const T &value) : fValue(value) {}
    RResult(T &&value) : fValue(std::move(value)) {}
    RResult(RError &&error) : RResultBase(std::move(error)) {}
 
    RResult(const RResult &other) = delete;
    RResult(RResult &&other) = default;
    RResult &operator=(const RResult &other) = delete;
    RResult &operator=(RResult &&other) = default;
 
    ~RResult() = default;
 
    /// Used by R__FORWARD_RESULT in order to keep track of the stack trace in case of errors
    RResult &Forward(RError::RLocation &&sourceLocation)
    {
       if (fError)
          fError->AddFrame(std::move(sourceLocation));
       return *this;
    }
 
    /// If the operation was successful, returns a const reference to the inner type.
    /// If there was an error, Inspect() instead throws an exception.
    const T &Inspect()
    {
       ThrowOnError();
       return *fValue;
    }
 
    /// If the operation was successful, returns the inner type by value.
    ///
    /// For move-only types, Unwrap can only be called once, as it yields ownership of
    /// the inner value to the caller using std::move, potentially leaving the
    /// RResult in an unspecified state.
    ///
    /// If there was an error, Unwrap() instead throws an exception.
    T Unwrap()
    {
       ThrowOnError();
       return std::move(*fValue);
    }
 
    explicit operator bool() { return Check(); }
 };
 
 /// RResult<void> has no data member and no Inspect() method but instead a Success() factory method
 template <>
 class RResult<void> : public RResultBase {
 private:
    RResult() = default;
 
 public:
    /// Returns a RResult<void> that captures the successful execution of the function
    static RResult Success() { return RResult(); }
    RResult(RError &&error) : RResultBase(std::move(error)) {}
 
    RResult(const RResult &other) = delete;
    RResult(RResult &&other) = default;
    RResult &operator=(const RResult &other) = delete;
    RResult &operator=(RResult &&other) = default;
 
    ~RResult() = default;
 
    /// Used by R__FORWARD_RESULT in order to keep track of the stack trace in case of errors
    RResult &Forward(RError::RLocation &&sourceLocation)
    {
       if (fError)
          fError->AddFrame(std::move(sourceLocation));
       return *this;
    }
 
    /// Short-hand method to throw an exception in the case of errors. Does nothing for
    /// successful RResults.
    void ThrowOnError()
    {
       if (!Check())
          Throw();
    }
 
    explicit operator bool() { return Check(); }
 };
 
 /// Short-hand to return an RResult<T> in an error state; the RError is implicitly converted into RResult<T>
 #define R__FAIL(msg) ROOT::RError(msg, {R__LOG_PRETTY_FUNCTION, __FILE__, __LINE__})
 /// Short-hand to return an RResult<T> value from a subroutine to the calling stack frame
 #define R__FORWARD_RESULT(res) std::move(res.Forward({R__LOG_PRETTY_FUNCTION, __FILE__, __LINE__}))
 /// Short-hand to return an RResult<T> in an error state (i.e. after checking)
 #define R__FORWARD_ERROR(res) res.ForwardError(std::move(res), {R__LOG_PRETTY_FUNCTION, __FILE__, __LINE__})
 
 } // namespace ROOT
 
 #endif

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