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 /*
     pybind11/detail/common.h -- Basic macros
 
     Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
 
     All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
     BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 */
 
 #pragma once
 
 #define PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR 2
 #define PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR 13
 #define PYBIND11_VERSION_PATCH 5
 
 // Similar to Python's convention: https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/apiabiversion.html
 // Additional convention: 0xD = dev
 #define PYBIND11_VERSION_HEX 0x020D0500
 
 // Define some generic pybind11 helper macros for warning management.
 //
 // Note that compiler-specific push/pop pairs are baked into the
 // PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN/PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END pair of macros. Therefore manual
 // PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH/PYBIND11_WARNING_POP are usually only needed in `#include` sections.
 //
 // If you find you need to suppress a warning, please try to make the suppression as local as
 // possible using these macros. Please also be sure to push/pop with the pybind11 macros. Please
 // only use compiler specifics if you need to check specific versions, e.g. Apple Clang vs. vanilla
 // Clang.
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
 #    define PYBIND11_COMPILER_MSVC
 #    define PYBIND11_PRAGMA(...) __pragma(__VA_ARGS__)
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning(push))
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_POP PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning(pop))
 #elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 #    define PYBIND11_COMPILER_INTEL
 #    define PYBIND11_PRAGMA(...) _Pragma(#__VA_ARGS__)
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning push)
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_POP PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning pop)
 #elif defined(__clang__)
 #    define PYBIND11_COMPILER_CLANG
 #    define PYBIND11_PRAGMA(...) _Pragma(#__VA_ARGS__)
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH PYBIND11_PRAGMA(clang diagnostic push)
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_POP PYBIND11_PRAGMA(clang diagnostic push)
 #elif defined(__GNUC__)
 #    define PYBIND11_COMPILER_GCC
 #    define PYBIND11_PRAGMA(...) _Pragma(#__VA_ARGS__)
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH PYBIND11_PRAGMA(GCC diagnostic push)
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_POP PYBIND11_PRAGMA(GCC diagnostic pop)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef PYBIND11_COMPILER_MSVC
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(name) PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning(disable : name))
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(name)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef PYBIND11_COMPILER_CLANG
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_CLANG(name) PYBIND11_PRAGMA(clang diagnostic ignored name)
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_CLANG(name)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef PYBIND11_COMPILER_GCC
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_GCC(name) PYBIND11_PRAGMA(GCC diagnostic ignored name)
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_GCC(name)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef PYBIND11_COMPILER_INTEL
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_INTEL(name) PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning disable name)
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_INTEL(name)
 #endif
 
 #define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(name)                                                            \
     namespace name {                                                                              \
     PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH
 
 #define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(name)                                                              \
     PYBIND11_WARNING_POP                                                                          \
     }
 
 // Robust support for some features and loading modules compiled against different pybind versions
 // requires forcing hidden visibility on pybind code, so we enforce this by setting the attribute
 // on the main `pybind11` namespace.
 #if !defined(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
 #    ifdef __GNUG__
 #        define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE pybind11 __attribute__((visibility("hidden")))
 #    else
 #        define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE pybind11
 #    endif
 #endif
 
 #if !(defined(_MSC_VER) && __cplusplus == 199711L)
 #    if __cplusplus >= 201402L
 #        define PYBIND11_CPP14
 #        if __cplusplus >= 201703L
 #            define PYBIND11_CPP17
 #            if __cplusplus >= 202002L
 #                define PYBIND11_CPP20
 // Please update tests/pybind11_tests.cpp `cpp_std()` when adding a macro here.
 #            endif
 #        endif
 #    endif
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && __cplusplus == 199711L
 // MSVC sets _MSVC_LANG rather than __cplusplus (supposedly until the standard is fully
 // implemented). Unless you use the /Zc:__cplusplus flag on Visual Studio 2017 15.7 Preview 3
 // or newer.
 #    if _MSVC_LANG >= 201402L
 #        define PYBIND11_CPP14
 #        if _MSVC_LANG > 201402L
 #            define PYBIND11_CPP17
 #            if _MSVC_LANG >= 202002L
 #                define PYBIND11_CPP20
 #            endif
 #        endif
 #    endif
 #endif
 
 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP20)
 #    define PYBIND11_CONSTINIT constinit
 #    define PYBIND11_DTOR_CONSTEXPR constexpr
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_CONSTINIT
 #    define PYBIND11_DTOR_CONSTEXPR
 #endif
 
 // Compiler version assertions
 #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 #    if __INTEL_COMPILER < 1800
 #        error pybind11 requires Intel C++ compiler v18 or newer
 #    elif __INTEL_COMPILER < 1900 && defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
 #        error pybind11 supports only C++11 with Intel C++ compiler v18. Use v19 or newer for C++14.
 #    endif
 /* The following pragma cannot be pop'ed:
    https://community.intel.com/t5/Intel-C-Compiler/Inline-and-no-inline-warning/td-p/1216764 */
 #    pragma warning disable 2196 // warning #2196: routine is both "inline" and "noinline"
 #elif defined(__clang__) && !defined(__apple_build_version__)
 #    if __clang_major__ < 3 || (__clang_major__ == 3 && __clang_minor__ < 3)
 #        error pybind11 requires clang 3.3 or newer
 #    endif
 #elif defined(__clang__)
 // Apple changes clang version macros to its Xcode version; the first Xcode release based on
 // (upstream) clang 3.3 was Xcode 5:
 #    if __clang_major__ < 5
 #        error pybind11 requires Xcode/clang 5.0 or newer
 #    endif
 #elif defined(__GNUG__)
 #    if __GNUC__ < 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 8)
 #        error pybind11 requires gcc 4.8 or newer
 #    endif
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
 #    if _MSC_VER < 1910
 #        error pybind11 2.10+ requires MSVC 2017 or newer
 #    endif
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(PYBIND11_EXPORT)
 #    if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
 #        define PYBIND11_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
 #    else
 #        define PYBIND11_EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default")))
 #    endif
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION)
 #    if defined(__apple_build_version__)
 #        define PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION PYBIND11_EXPORT
 #    else
 #        define PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION
 #    endif
 #endif
 
 // For CUDA, GCC7, GCC8:
 // PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED is incompatible with `-Wattributes -Werror`.
 // When defining PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED, it is best to also use `-Wno-attributes`.
 // However, the measured shared-library size saving when using noinline are only
 // 1.7% for CUDA, -0.2% for GCC7, and 0.0% for GCC8 (using -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel,
 // the default under pybind11/tests).
 #if !defined(PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED)                                                            \
     && (defined(__CUDACC__) || (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ == 7 || __GNUC__ == 8)))
 #    define PYBIND11_NOINLINE_DISABLED
 #endif
 
 // The PYBIND11_NOINLINE macro is for function DEFINITIONS.
 // In contrast, FORWARD DECLARATIONS should never use this macro:
 // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9317473/forward-declaration-of-inline-functions
 #if defined(PYBIND11_NOINLINE_DISABLED) // Option for maximum portability and experimentation.
 #    define PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
 #    define PYBIND11_NOINLINE __declspec(noinline) inline
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline)) inline
 #endif
 
 #if defined(__MINGW32__)
 // For unknown reasons all PYBIND11_DEPRECATED member trigger a warning when declared
 // whether it is used or not
 #    define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason)
 #elif defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
 #    define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) [[deprecated(reason)]]
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) __attribute__((deprecated(reason)))
 #endif
 
 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
 #    define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
 #    define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED __attribute__((__unused__))
 #endif
 
 /* Don't let Python.h #define (v)snprintf as macro because they are implemented
    properly in Visual Studio since 2015. */
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
 #    define HAVE_SNPRINTF 1
 #endif
 
 /// Include Python header, disable linking to pythonX_d.lib on Windows in debug mode
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
 PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH
 PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(4505)
 // C4505: 'PySlice_GetIndicesEx': unreferenced local function has been removed (PyPy only)
 #    if defined(_DEBUG) && !defined(Py_DEBUG)
 // Workaround for a VS 2022 issue.
 // NOTE: This workaround knowingly violates the Python.h include order requirement:
 // https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/intro.html#include-files
 // See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3497 for full context.
 #        include <yvals.h>
 #        if _MSVC_STL_VERSION >= 143
 #            include <crtdefs.h>
 #        endif
 #        define PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER
 #        undef _DEBUG
 #    endif
 #endif
 
 // https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/chrono/localtime
 #if defined(__STDC_LIB_EXT1__) && !defined(__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__)
 #    define __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __has_include
 // std::optional (but including it in c++14 mode isn't allowed)
 #    if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) && __has_include(<optional>)
 #        define PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL 1
 #    endif
 // std::experimental::optional (but not allowed in c++11 mode)
 #    if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) && (__has_include(<experimental/optional>) && \
                                  !__has_include(<optional>))
 #        define PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL 1
 #    endif
 // std::variant
 #    if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) && __has_include(<variant>)
 #        define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1
 #    endif
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
 #    define PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL 1
 #    define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1
 #endif
 
 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
 #    if defined(__has_include)
 #        if __has_include(<string_view>)
 #            define PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW
 #        endif
 #    elif defined(_MSC_VER)
 #        define PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW
 #    endif
 #endif
 
 #include <Python.h>
 #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
 #    error "PYTHON < 3.7 IS UNSUPPORTED. pybind11 v2.12 was the last to support Python 3.6."
 #endif
 #include <frameobject.h>
 #include <pythread.h>
 
 /* Python #defines overrides on all sorts of core functions, which
    tends to weak havok in C++ codebases that expect these to work
    like regular functions (potentially with several overloads) */
 #if defined(isalnum)
 #    undef isalnum
 #    undef isalpha
 #    undef islower
 #    undef isspace
 #    undef isupper
 #    undef tolower
 #    undef toupper
 #endif
 
 #if defined(copysign)
 #    undef copysign
 #endif
 
 #if defined(PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY)
 #    define PYBIND11_INTERNAL_NUMPY_1_ONLY_DETECTED
 #endif
 
 #if defined(PYPY_VERSION) && !defined(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT)
 #    define PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
 #    if defined(PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER)
 #        define _DEBUG
 #        undef PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER
 #    endif
 PYBIND11_WARNING_POP
 #endif
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <exception>
 #include <forward_list>
 #include <memory>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <typeindex>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
 #if defined(__has_include)
 #    if __has_include(<version>)
 #        include <version>
 #    endif
 #endif
 
 // Must be after including <version> or one of the other headers specified by the standard
 #if defined(__cpp_lib_char8_t) && __cpp_lib_char8_t >= 201811L
 #    define PYBIND11_HAS_U8STRING
 #endif
 
 // See description of PR #4246:
 #if !defined(PYBIND11_NO_ASSERT_GIL_HELD_INCREF_DECREF) && !defined(NDEBUG)                       \
     && !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && !defined(PYBIND11_ASSERT_GIL_HELD_INCREF_DECREF)
 #    define PYBIND11_ASSERT_GIL_HELD_INCREF_DECREF
 #endif
 
 // #define PYBIND11_STR_LEGACY_PERMISSIVE
 // If DEFINED, pybind11::str can hold PyUnicodeObject or PyBytesObject
 //             (probably surprising and never documented, but this was the
 //             legacy behavior until and including v2.6.x). As a side-effect,
 //             pybind11::isinstance<str>() is true for both pybind11::str and
 //             pybind11::bytes.
 // If UNDEFINED, pybind11::str can only hold PyUnicodeObject, and
 //               pybind11::isinstance<str>() is true only for pybind11::str.
 //               However, for Python 2 only (!), the pybind11::str caster
 //               implicitly decoded bytes to PyUnicodeObject. This was to ease
 //               the transition from the legacy behavior to the non-permissive
 //               behavior.
 
 /// Compatibility macros for Python 2 / Python 3 versions TODO: remove
 #define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(ptr, class_) PyInstanceMethod_New(ptr)
 #define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK PyInstanceMethod_Check
 #define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION PyInstanceMethod_GET_FUNCTION
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK PyBytes_Check
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING PyBytes_FromString
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE PyBytes_AsStringAndSize
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING PyBytes_AsString
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE PyBytes_Size
 #define PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK(o) PyLong_Check(o)
 #define PYBIND11_LONG_AS_LONGLONG(o) PyLong_AsLongLong(o)
 #define PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_SIGNED(o) PyLong_FromSsize_t((ssize_t) (o))
 #define PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_UNSIGNED(o) PyLong_FromSize_t((size_t) (o))
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_NAME "bytes"
 #define PYBIND11_STRING_NAME "str"
 #define PYBIND11_SLICE_OBJECT PyObject
 #define PYBIND11_FROM_STRING PyUnicode_FromString
 #define PYBIND11_STR_TYPE ::pybind11::str
 #define PYBIND11_BOOL_ATTR "__bool__"
 #define PYBIND11_NB_BOOL(ptr) ((ptr)->nb_bool)
 #define PYBIND11_BUILTINS_MODULE "builtins"
 // Providing a separate declaration to make Clang's -Wmissing-prototypes happy.
 // See comment for PYBIND11_MODULE below for why this is marked "maybe unused".
 #define PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name)                                                                \
     extern "C" PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED PYBIND11_EXPORT PyObject *PyInit_##name();                   \
     extern "C" PYBIND11_EXPORT PyObject *PyInit_##name()
 
 #define PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD ((PyObject *) 1) // special failure return code
 #define PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(x) #x
 #define PYBIND11_TOSTRING(x) PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(x)
 #define PYBIND11_CONCAT(first, second) first##second
 #define PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY pybind11::detail::get_internals();
 
 #define PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION                                                             \
     {                                                                                             \
         const char *compiled_ver                                                                  \
             = PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PY_MAJOR_VERSION) "." PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PY_MINOR_VERSION);        \
         const char *runtime_ver = Py_GetVersion();                                                \
         size_t len = std::strlen(compiled_ver);                                                   \
         if (std::strncmp(runtime_ver, compiled_ver, len) != 0                                     \
             || (runtime_ver[len] >= '0' && runtime_ver[len] <= '9')) {                            \
             PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,                                                       \
                          "Python version mismatch: module was compiled for Python %s, "           \
                          "but the interpreter version is incompatible: %s.",                      \
                          compiled_ver,                                                            \
                          runtime_ver);                                                            \
             return nullptr;                                                                       \
         }                                                                                         \
     }
 
 #define PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS                                                            \
     catch (pybind11::error_already_set & e) {                                                     \
         pybind11::raise_from(e, PyExc_ImportError, "initialization failed");                      \
         return nullptr;                                                                           \
     }                                                                                             \
     catch (const std::exception &e) {                                                             \
         ::pybind11::set_error(PyExc_ImportError, e.what());                                       \
         return nullptr;                                                                           \
     }
 
 /** \rst
     ***Deprecated in favor of PYBIND11_MODULE***
 
     This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python interpreter
     imports a plugin library. Please create a `module_` in the function body and return
     the pointer to its underlying Python object at the end.
 
     .. code-block:: cpp
 
         PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
             pybind11::module_ m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
             /// Set up bindings here
             return m.ptr();
         }
 \endrst */
 #define PYBIND11_PLUGIN(name)                                                                     \
     PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("PYBIND11_PLUGIN is deprecated, use PYBIND11_MODULE")                     \
     static PyObject *pybind11_init();                                                             \
     PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) {                                                                  \
         PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION                                                             \
         PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY                                                           \
         try {                                                                                     \
             return pybind11_init();                                                               \
         }                                                                                         \
         PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS                                                            \
     }                                                                                             \
     PyObject *pybind11_init()
 
 /** \rst
     This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python interpreter
     imports an extension module. The module name is given as the first argument and it
     should not be in quotes. The second macro argument defines a variable of type
     `py::module_` which can be used to initialize the module.
 
     The entry point is marked as "maybe unused" to aid dead-code detection analysis:
     since the entry point is typically only looked up at runtime and not referenced
     during translation, it would otherwise appear as unused ("dead") code.
 
     .. code-block:: cpp
 
         PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {
             m.doc() = "pybind11 example module";
 
             // Add bindings here
             m.def("foo", []() {
                 return "Hello, World!";
             });
         }
 
     The third macro argument is optional (available since 2.13.0), and can be used to
     mark the extension module as safe to run without the GIL under a free-threaded CPython
     interpreter. Passing this argument has no effect on other interpreters.
 
     .. code-block:: cpp
 
         PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m, py::mod_gil_not_used()) {
             m.doc() = "pybind11 example module safe to run without the GIL";
 
             // Add bindings here
             m.def("foo", []() {
                 return "Hello, Free-threaded World!";
             });
         }
 
 \endrst */
 PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH
 PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_CLANG("-Wgnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments")
 #define PYBIND11_MODULE(name, variable, ...)                                                      \
     static ::pybind11::module_::module_def PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_def_, name)            \
         PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED;                                                                    \
     PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED                                                                         \
     static void PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(::pybind11::module_ &);                     \
     PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) {                                                                  \
         PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION                                                             \
         PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY                                                           \
         auto m = ::pybind11::module_::create_extension_module(                                    \
             PYBIND11_TOSTRING(name),                                                              \
             nullptr,                                                                              \
             &PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_def_, name),                                         \
             ##__VA_ARGS__);                                                                       \
         try {                                                                                     \
             PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(m);                                             \
             return m.ptr();                                                                       \
         }                                                                                         \
         PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS                                                            \
     }                                                                                             \
     void PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(::pybind11::module_ & (variable))
 PYBIND11_WARNING_POP
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
 
 using ssize_t = Py_ssize_t;
 using size_t = std::size_t;
 
 template <typename IntType>
 inline ssize_t ssize_t_cast(const IntType &val) {
     static_assert(sizeof(IntType) <= sizeof(ssize_t), "Implicit narrowing is not permitted.");
     return static_cast<ssize_t>(val);
 }
 
 /// Approach used to cast a previously unknown C++ instance into a Python object
 enum class return_value_policy : uint8_t {
     /** This is the default return value policy, which falls back to the policy
         return_value_policy::take_ownership when the return value is a pointer.
         Otherwise, it uses return_value::move or return_value::copy for rvalue
         and lvalue references, respectively. See below for a description of what
         all of these different policies do. */
     automatic = 0,
 
     /** As above, but use policy return_value_policy::reference when the return
         value is a pointer. This is the default conversion policy for function
         arguments when calling Python functions manually from C++ code (i.e. via
         handle::operator()). You probably won't need to use this. */
     automatic_reference,
 
     /** Reference an existing object (i.e. do not create a new copy) and take
         ownership. Python will call the destructor and delete operator when the
         object's reference count reaches zero. Undefined behavior ensues when
         the C++ side does the same.. */
     take_ownership,
 
     /** Create a new copy of the returned object, which will be owned by
         Python. This policy is comparably safe because the lifetimes of the two
         instances are decoupled. */
     copy,
 
     /** Use std::move to move the return value contents into a new instance
         that will be owned by Python. This policy is comparably safe because the
         lifetimes of the two instances (move source and destination) are
         decoupled. */
     move,
 
     /** Reference an existing object, but do not take ownership. The C++ side
         is responsible for managing the object's lifetime and deallocating it
         when it is no longer used. Warning: undefined behavior will ensue when
         the C++ side deletes an object that is still referenced and used by
         Python. */
     reference,
 
     /** This policy only applies to methods and properties. It references the
         object without taking ownership similar to the above
         return_value_policy::reference policy. In contrast to that policy, the
         function or property's implicit this argument (called the parent) is
         considered to be the owner of the return value (the child).
         pybind11 then couples the lifetime of the parent to the child via a
         reference relationship that ensures that the parent cannot be garbage
         collected while Python is still using the child. More advanced
         variations of this scheme are also possible using combinations of
         return_value_policy::reference and the keep_alive call policy */
     reference_internal
 };
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
 inline static constexpr int log2(size_t n, int k = 0) {
     return (n <= 1) ? k : log2(n >> 1, k + 1);
 }
 
 // Returns the size as a multiple of sizeof(void *), rounded up.
 inline static constexpr size_t size_in_ptrs(size_t s) {
     return 1 + ((s - 1) >> log2(sizeof(void *)));
 }
 
 /**
  * The space to allocate for simple layout instance holders (see below) in multiple of the size of
  * a pointer (e.g.  2 means 16 bytes on 64-bit architectures).  The default is the minimum required
  * to holder either a std::unique_ptr or std::shared_ptr (which is almost always
  * sizeof(std::shared_ptr<T>)).
  */
 constexpr size_t instance_simple_holder_in_ptrs() {
     static_assert(sizeof(std::shared_ptr<int>) >= sizeof(std::unique_ptr<int>),
                   "pybind assumes std::shared_ptrs are at least as big as std::unique_ptrs");
     return size_in_ptrs(sizeof(std::shared_ptr<int>));
 }
 
 // Forward declarations
 struct type_info;
 struct value_and_holder;
 
 struct nonsimple_values_and_holders {
     void **values_and_holders;
     uint8_t *status;
 };
 
 /// The 'instance' type which needs to be standard layout (need to be able to use 'offsetof')
 struct instance {
     PyObject_HEAD
     /// Storage for pointers and holder; see simple_layout, below, for a description
     union {
         void *simple_value_holder[1 + instance_simple_holder_in_ptrs()];
         nonsimple_values_and_holders nonsimple;
     };
     /// Weak references
     PyObject *weakrefs;
     /// If true, the pointer is owned which means we're free to manage it with a holder.
     bool owned : 1;
     /**
      * An instance has two possible value/holder layouts.
      *
      * Simple layout (when this flag is true), means the `simple_value_holder` is set with a
      * pointer and the holder object governing that pointer, i.e. [val1*][holder].  This layout is
      * applied whenever there is no python-side multiple inheritance of bound C++ types *and* the
      * type's holder will fit in the default space (which is large enough to hold either a
      * std::unique_ptr or std::shared_ptr).
      *
      * Non-simple layout applies when using custom holders that require more space than
      * `shared_ptr` (which is typically the size of two pointers), or when multiple inheritance is
      * used on the python side.  Non-simple layout allocates the required amount of memory to have
      * multiple bound C++ classes as parents.  Under this layout, `nonsimple.values_and_holders` is
      * set to a pointer to allocated space of the required space to hold a sequence of value
      * pointers and holders followed `status`, a set of bit flags (1 byte each), i.e.
      * [val1*][holder1][val2*][holder2]...[bb...]  where each [block] is rounded up to a multiple
      * of `sizeof(void *)`.  `nonsimple.status` is, for convenience, a pointer to the beginning of
      * the [bb...] block (but not independently allocated).
      *
      * Status bits indicate whether the associated holder is constructed (&
      * status_holder_constructed) and whether the value pointer is registered (&
      * status_instance_registered) in `registered_instances`.
      */
     bool simple_layout : 1;
     /// For simple layout, tracks whether the holder has been constructed
     bool simple_holder_constructed : 1;
     /// For simple layout, tracks whether the instance is registered in `registered_instances`
     bool simple_instance_registered : 1;
     /// If true, get_internals().patients has an entry for this object
     bool has_patients : 1;
 
     /// Initializes all of the above type/values/holders data (but not the instance values
     /// themselves)
     void allocate_layout();
 
     /// Destroys/deallocates all of the above
     void deallocate_layout();
 
     /// Returns the value_and_holder wrapper for the given type (or the first, if `find_type`
     /// omitted).  Returns a default-constructed (with `.inst = nullptr`) object on failure if
     /// `throw_if_missing` is false.
     value_and_holder get_value_and_holder(const type_info *find_type = nullptr,
                                           bool throw_if_missing = true);
 
     /// Bit values for the non-simple status flags
     static constexpr uint8_t status_holder_constructed = 1;
     static constexpr uint8_t status_instance_registered = 2;
 };
 
 static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<instance>::value,
               "Internal error: `pybind11::detail::instance` is not standard layout!");
 
 /// from __cpp_future__ import (convenient aliases from C++14/17)
 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
 using std::conditional_t;
 using std::enable_if_t;
 using std::remove_cv_t;
 using std::remove_reference_t;
 #else
 template <bool B, typename T = void>
 using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
 template <bool B, typename T, typename F>
 using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
 template <typename T>
 using remove_cv_t = typename std::remove_cv<T>::type;
 template <typename T>
 using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
 #endif
 
 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP20)
 using std::remove_cvref;
 using std::remove_cvref_t;
 #else
 template <class T>
 struct remove_cvref {
     using type = remove_cv_t<remove_reference_t<T>>;
 };
 template <class T>
 using remove_cvref_t = typename remove_cvref<T>::type;
 #endif
 
 /// Example usage: is_same_ignoring_cvref<T, PyObject *>::value
 template <typename T, typename U>
 using is_same_ignoring_cvref = std::is_same<detail::remove_cvref_t<T>, U>;
 
 /// Index sequences
 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
 using std::index_sequence;
 using std::make_index_sequence;
 #else
 template <size_t...>
 struct index_sequence {};
 template <size_t N, size_t... S>
 struct make_index_sequence_impl : make_index_sequence_impl<N - 1, N - 1, S...> {};
 template <size_t... S>
 struct make_index_sequence_impl<0, S...> {
     using type = index_sequence<S...>;
 };
 template <size_t N>
 using make_index_sequence = typename make_index_sequence_impl<N>::type;
 #endif
 
 /// Make an index sequence of the indices of true arguments
 template <typename ISeq, size_t, bool...>
 struct select_indices_impl {
     using type = ISeq;
 };
 template <size_t... IPrev, size_t I, bool B, bool... Bs>
 struct select_indices_impl<index_sequence<IPrev...>, I, B, Bs...>
     : select_indices_impl<conditional_t<B, index_sequence<IPrev..., I>, index_sequence<IPrev...>>,
                           I + 1,
                           Bs...> {};
 template <bool... Bs>
 using select_indices = typename select_indices_impl<index_sequence<>, 0, Bs...>::type;
 
 /// Backports of std::bool_constant and std::negation to accommodate older compilers
 template <bool B>
 using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
 template <typename T>
 struct negation : bool_constant<!T::value> {};
 
 // PGI/Intel cannot detect operator delete with the "compatible" void_t impl, so
 // using the new one (C++14 defect, so generally works on newer compilers, even
 // if not in C++17 mode)
 #if defined(__PGIC__) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 template <typename...>
 using void_t = void;
 #else
 template <typename...>
 struct void_t_impl {
     using type = void;
 };
 template <typename... Ts>
 using void_t = typename void_t_impl<Ts...>::type;
 #endif
 
 /// Compile-time all/any/none of that check the boolean value of all template types
 #if defined(__cpp_fold_expressions) && !(defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1916))
 template <class... Ts>
 using all_of = bool_constant<(Ts::value && ...)>;
 template <class... Ts>
 using any_of = bool_constant<(Ts::value || ...)>;
 #elif !defined(_MSC_VER)
 template <bool...>
 struct bools {};
 template <class... Ts>
 using all_of = std::is_same<bools<Ts::value..., true>, bools<true, Ts::value...>>;
 template <class... Ts>
 using any_of = negation<all_of<negation<Ts>...>>;
 #else
 // MSVC has trouble with the above, but supports std::conjunction, which we can use instead (albeit
 // at a slight loss of compilation efficiency).
 template <class... Ts>
 using all_of = std::conjunction<Ts...>;
 template <class... Ts>
 using any_of = std::disjunction<Ts...>;
 #endif
 template <class... Ts>
 using none_of = negation<any_of<Ts...>>;
 
 template <class T, template <class> class... Predicates>
 using satisfies_all_of = all_of<Predicates<T>...>;
 template <class T, template <class> class... Predicates>
 using satisfies_any_of = any_of<Predicates<T>...>;
 template <class T, template <class> class... Predicates>
 using satisfies_none_of = none_of<Predicates<T>...>;
 
 /// Strip the class from a method type
 template <typename T>
 struct remove_class {};
 template <typename C, typename R, typename... A>
 struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...)> {
     using type = R(A...);
 };
 template <typename C, typename R, typename... A>
 struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...) const> {
     using type = R(A...);
 };
 #ifdef __cpp_noexcept_function_type
 template <typename C, typename R, typename... A>
 struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...) noexcept> {
     using type = R(A...);
 };
 template <typename C, typename R, typename... A>
 struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...) const noexcept> {
     using type = R(A...);
 };
 #endif
 /// Helper template to strip away type modifiers
 template <typename T>
 struct intrinsic_type {
     using type = T;
 };
 template <typename T>
 struct intrinsic_type<const T> {
     using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
 };
 template <typename T>
 struct intrinsic_type<T *> {
     using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
 };
 template <typename T>
 struct intrinsic_type<T &> {
     using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
 };
 template <typename T>
 struct intrinsic_type<T &&> {
     using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
 };
 template <typename T, size_t N>
 struct intrinsic_type<const T[N]> {
     using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
 };
 template <typename T, size_t N>
 struct intrinsic_type<T[N]> {
     using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
 };
 template <typename T>
 using intrinsic_t = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
 
 /// Helper type to replace 'void' in some expressions
 struct void_type {};
 
 /// Helper template which holds a list of types
 template <typename...>
 struct type_list {};
 
 /// Compile-time integer sum
 #ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions
 template <typename... Ts>
 constexpr size_t constexpr_sum(Ts... ns) {
     return (0 + ... + size_t{ns});
 }
 #else
 constexpr size_t constexpr_sum() { return 0; }
 template <typename T, typename... Ts>
 constexpr size_t constexpr_sum(T n, Ts... ns) {
     return size_t{n} + constexpr_sum(ns...);
 }
 #endif
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(constexpr_impl)
 /// Implementation details for constexpr functions
 constexpr int first(int i) { return i; }
 template <typename T, typename... Ts>
 constexpr int first(int i, T v, Ts... vs) {
     return v ? i : first(i + 1, vs...);
 }
 
 constexpr int last(int /*i*/, int result) { return result; }
 template <typename T, typename... Ts>
 constexpr int last(int i, int result, T v, Ts... vs) {
     return last(i + 1, v ? i : result, vs...);
 }
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(constexpr_impl)
 
 /// Return the index of the first type in Ts which satisfies Predicate<T>.
 /// Returns sizeof...(Ts) if none match.
 template <template <typename> class Predicate, typename... Ts>
 constexpr int constexpr_first() {
     return constexpr_impl::first(0, Predicate<Ts>::value...);
 }
 
 /// Return the index of the last type in Ts which satisfies Predicate<T>, or -1 if none match.
 template <template <typename> class Predicate, typename... Ts>
 constexpr int constexpr_last() {
     return constexpr_impl::last(0, -1, Predicate<Ts>::value...);
 }
 
 /// Return the Nth element from the parameter pack
 template <size_t N, typename T, typename... Ts>
 struct pack_element {
     using type = typename pack_element<N - 1, Ts...>::type;
 };
 template <typename T, typename... Ts>
 struct pack_element<0, T, Ts...> {
     using type = T;
 };
 
 /// Return the one and only type which matches the predicate, or Default if none match.
 /// If more than one type matches the predicate, fail at compile-time.
 template <template <typename> class Predicate, typename Default, typename... Ts>
 struct exactly_one {
     static constexpr auto found = constexpr_sum(Predicate<Ts>::value...);
     static_assert(found <= 1, "Found more than one type matching the predicate");
 
     static constexpr auto index = found ? constexpr_first<Predicate, Ts...>() : 0;
     using type = conditional_t<found, typename pack_element<index, Ts...>::type, Default>;
 };
 template <template <typename> class P, typename Default>
 struct exactly_one<P, Default> {
     using type = Default;
 };
 
 template <template <typename> class Predicate, typename Default, typename... Ts>
 using exactly_one_t = typename exactly_one<Predicate, Default, Ts...>::type;
 
 /// Defer the evaluation of type T until types Us are instantiated
 template <typename T, typename... /*Us*/>
 struct deferred_type {
     using type = T;
 };
 template <typename T, typename... Us>
 using deferred_t = typename deferred_type<T, Us...>::type;
 
 /// Like is_base_of, but requires a strict base (i.e. `is_strict_base_of<T, T>::value == false`,
 /// unlike `std::is_base_of`)
 template <typename Base, typename Derived>
 using is_strict_base_of
     = bool_constant<std::is_base_of<Base, Derived>::value && !std::is_same<Base, Derived>::value>;
 
 /// Like is_base_of, but also requires that the base type is accessible (i.e. that a Derived
 /// pointer can be converted to a Base pointer) For unions, `is_base_of<T, T>::value` is False, so
 /// we need to check `is_same` as well.
 template <typename Base, typename Derived>
 using is_accessible_base_of
     = bool_constant<(std::is_same<Base, Derived>::value || std::is_base_of<Base, Derived>::value)
                     && std::is_convertible<Derived *, Base *>::value>;
 
 template <template <typename...> class Base>
 struct is_template_base_of_impl {
     template <typename... Us>
     static std::true_type check(Base<Us...> *);
     static std::false_type check(...);
 };
 
 /// Check if a template is the base of a type. For example:
 /// `is_template_base_of<Base, T>` is true if `struct T : Base<U> {}` where U can be anything
 template <template <typename...> class Base, typename T>
 // Sadly, all MSVC versions incl. 2022 need the workaround, even in C++20 mode.
 // See also: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3741
 #if !defined(_MSC_VER)
 using is_template_base_of
     = decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr));
 #else
 struct is_template_base_of
     : decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr)){};
 #endif
 
 /// Check if T is an instantiation of the template `Class`. For example:
 /// `is_instantiation<shared_ptr, T>` is true if `T == shared_ptr<U>` where U can be anything.
 template <template <typename...> class Class, typename T>
 struct is_instantiation : std::false_type {};
 template <template <typename...> class Class, typename... Us>
 struct is_instantiation<Class, Class<Us...>> : std::true_type {};
 
 /// Check if T is std::shared_ptr<U> where U can be anything
 template <typename T>
 using is_shared_ptr = is_instantiation<std::shared_ptr, T>;
 
 /// Check if T looks like an input iterator
 template <typename T, typename = void>
 struct is_input_iterator : std::false_type {};
 template <typename T>
 struct is_input_iterator<T,
                          void_t<decltype(*std::declval<T &>()), decltype(++std::declval<T &>())>>
     : std::true_type {};
 
 template <typename T>
 using is_function_pointer
     = bool_constant<std::is_pointer<T>::value
                     && std::is_function<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type>::value>;
 
 template <typename F>
 struct strip_function_object {
     // If you are encountering an
     // 'error: name followed by "::" must be a class or namespace name'
     // with the Intel compiler and a noexcept function here,
     // try to use noexcept(true) instead of plain noexcept.
     using type = typename remove_class<decltype(&F::operator())>::type;
 };
 
 // Extracts the function signature from a function, function pointer or lambda.
 template <typename Function, typename F = remove_reference_t<Function>>
 using function_signature_t = conditional_t<
     std::is_function<F>::value,
     F,
     typename conditional_t<std::is_pointer<F>::value || std::is_member_pointer<F>::value,
                            std::remove_pointer<F>,
                            strip_function_object<F>>::type>;
 
 /// Returns true if the type looks like a lambda: that is, isn't a function, pointer or member
 /// pointer.  Note that this can catch all sorts of other things, too; this is intended to be used
 /// in a place where passing a lambda makes sense.
 template <typename T>
 using is_lambda = satisfies_none_of<remove_reference_t<T>,
                                     std::is_function,
                                     std::is_pointer,
                                     std::is_member_pointer>;
 
 // [workaround(intel)] Internal error on fold expression
 /// Apply a function over each element of a parameter pack
 #if defined(__cpp_fold_expressions) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 // Intel compiler produces an internal error on this fold expression (tested with ICC 19.0.2)
 #    define PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(PATTERN) (((PATTERN), void()), ...)
 #else
 using expand_side_effects = bool[];
 #    define PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(PATTERN)                                                 \
         (void) pybind11::detail::expand_side_effects { ((PATTERN), void(), false)..., false }
 #endif
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 /// C++ bindings of builtin Python exceptions
 class PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION builtin_exception : public std::runtime_error {
 public:
     using std::runtime_error::runtime_error;
     /// Set the error using the Python C API
     virtual void set_error() const = 0;
 };
 
 #define PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(name, type)                                                    \
     class PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION name : public builtin_exception {                             \
     public:                                                                                       \
         using builtin_exception::builtin_exception;                                               \
         name() : name("") {}                                                                      \
         void set_error() const override { PyErr_SetString(type, what()); }                        \
     };
 
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(stop_iteration, PyExc_StopIteration)
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(index_error, PyExc_IndexError)
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(key_error, PyExc_KeyError)
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(value_error, PyExc_ValueError)
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(type_error, PyExc_TypeError)
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(buffer_error, PyExc_BufferError)
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(import_error, PyExc_ImportError)
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(attribute_error, PyExc_AttributeError)
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(cast_error, PyExc_RuntimeError) /// Thrown when pybind11::cast or
                                                            /// handle::call fail due to a type
                                                            /// casting error
 PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(reference_cast_error, PyExc_RuntimeError) /// Used internally
 
 [[noreturn]] PYBIND11_NOINLINE void pybind11_fail(const char *reason) {
     assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
     throw std::runtime_error(reason);
 }
 [[noreturn]] PYBIND11_NOINLINE void pybind11_fail(const std::string &reason) {
     assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
     throw std::runtime_error(reason);
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
 struct format_descriptor {};
 
 template <typename T>
 struct format_descriptor<
     T,
     detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_same_ignoring_cvref<T, PyObject *>::value>> {
     static constexpr const char c = 'O';
     static constexpr const char value[2] = {c, '\0'};
     static std::string format() { return std::string(1, c); }
 };
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 // Returns the index of the given type in the type char array below, and in the list in numpy.h
 // The order here is: bool; 8 ints ((signed,unsigned)x(8,16,32,64)bits); float,double,long double;
 // complex float,double,long double.  Note that the long double types only participate when long
 // double is actually longer than double (it isn't under MSVC).
 // NB: not only the string below but also complex.h and numpy.h rely on this order.
 template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
 struct is_fmt_numeric {
     static constexpr bool value = false;
 };
 template <typename T>
 struct is_fmt_numeric<T, enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>> {
     static constexpr bool value = true;
     static constexpr int index
         = std::is_same<T, bool>::value
               ? 0
               : 1
                     + (std::is_integral<T>::value
                            ? detail::log2(sizeof(T)) * 2 + std::is_unsigned<T>::value
                            : 8
                                  + (std::is_same<T, double>::value        ? 1
                                     : std::is_same<T, long double>::value ? 2
                                                                           : 0));
 };
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 template <typename T>
 struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>> {
     static constexpr const char c = "?bBhHiIqQfdg"[detail::is_fmt_numeric<T>::index];
     static constexpr const char value[2] = {c, '\0'};
     static std::string format() { return std::string(1, c); }
 };
 
 #if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
 
 template <typename T>
 constexpr const char
     format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>>::value[2];
 
 #endif
 
 /// RAII wrapper that temporarily clears any Python error state
 struct error_scope {
     PyObject *type, *value, *trace;
     error_scope() { PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &trace); }
     error_scope(const error_scope &) = delete;
     error_scope &operator=(const error_scope &) = delete;
     ~error_scope() { PyErr_Restore(type, value, trace); }
 };
 
 /// Dummy destructor wrapper that can be used to expose classes with a private destructor
 struct nodelete {
     template <typename T>
     void operator()(T *) {}
 };
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 template <typename... Args>
 struct overload_cast_impl {
     template <typename Return>
     constexpr auto operator()(Return (*pf)(Args...)) const noexcept -> decltype(pf) {
         return pf;
     }
 
     template <typename Return, typename Class>
     constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...),
                               std::false_type = {}) const noexcept -> decltype(pmf) {
         return pmf;
     }
 
     template <typename Return, typename Class>
     constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const,
                               std::true_type) const noexcept -> decltype(pmf) {
         return pmf;
     }
 };
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 // overload_cast requires variable templates: C++14
 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
 #    define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST 1
 /// Syntax sugar for resolving overloaded function pointers:
 ///  - regular: static_cast<Return (Class::*)(Arg0, Arg1, Arg2)>(&Class::func)
 ///  - sweet:   overload_cast<Arg0, Arg1, Arg2>(&Class::func)
 template <typename... Args>
 static constexpr detail::overload_cast_impl<Args...> overload_cast{};
 #endif
 
 /// Const member function selector for overload_cast
 ///  - regular: static_cast<Return (Class::*)(Arg) const>(&Class::func)
 ///  - sweet:   overload_cast<Arg>(&Class::func, const_)
 static constexpr auto const_ = std::true_type{};
 
 #if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) // no overload_cast: providing something that static_assert-fails:
 template <typename... Args>
 struct overload_cast {
     static_assert(detail::deferred_t<std::false_type, Args...>::value,
                   "pybind11::overload_cast<...> requires compiling in C++14 mode");
 };
 #endif // overload_cast
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
 // Adaptor for converting arbitrary container arguments into a vector; implicitly convertible from
 // any standard container (or C-style array) supporting std::begin/std::end, any singleton
 // arithmetic type (if T is arithmetic), or explicitly constructible from an iterator pair.
 template <typename T>
 class any_container {
     std::vector<T> v;
 
 public:
     any_container() = default;
 
     // Can construct from a pair of iterators
     template <typename It, typename = enable_if_t<is_input_iterator<It>::value>>
     any_container(It first, It last) : v(first, last) {}
 
     // Implicit conversion constructor from any arbitrary container type
     // with values convertible to T
     template <typename Container,
               typename = enable_if_t<
                   std::is_convertible<decltype(*std::begin(std::declval<const Container &>())),
                                       T>::value>>
     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
     any_container(const Container &c) : any_container(std::begin(c), std::end(c)) {}
 
     // initializer_list's aren't deducible, so don't get matched by the above template;
     // we need this to explicitly allow implicit conversion from one:
     template <typename TIn, typename = enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<TIn, T>::value>>
     any_container(const std::initializer_list<TIn> &c) : any_container(c.begin(), c.end()) {}
 
     // Avoid copying if given an rvalue vector of the correct type.
     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
     any_container(std::vector<T> &&v) : v(std::move(v)) {}
 
     // Moves the vector out of an rvalue any_container
     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
     operator std::vector<T> &&() && { return std::move(v); }
 
     // Dereferencing obtains a reference to the underlying vector
     std::vector<T> &operator*() { return v; }
     const std::vector<T> &operator*() const { return v; }
 
     // -> lets you call methods on the underlying vector
     std::vector<T> *operator->() { return &v; }
     const std::vector<T> *operator->() const { return &v; }
 };
 
 // Forward-declaration; see detail/class.h
 std::string get_fully_qualified_tp_name(PyTypeObject *);
 
 template <typename T>
 inline static std::shared_ptr<T>
 try_get_shared_from_this(std::enable_shared_from_this<T> *holder_value_ptr) {
 // Pre C++17, this code path exploits undefined behavior, but is known to work on many platforms.
 // Use at your own risk!
 // See also https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/enable_shared_from_this, and in particular
 // the `std::shared_ptr<Good> gp1 = not_so_good.getptr();` and `try`-`catch` parts of the example.
 #if defined(__cpp_lib_enable_shared_from_this) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1912)
     return holder_value_ptr->weak_from_this().lock();
 #else
     try {
         return holder_value_ptr->shared_from_this();
     } catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 #endif
 }
 
 // For silencing "unused" compiler warnings in special situations.
 template <typename... Args>
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1920 // MSVC 2017
 constexpr
 #endif
     inline void
     silence_unused_warnings(Args &&...) {
 }
 
 // MSVC warning C4100: Unreferenced formal parameter
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1916
 #    define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(...)                                         \
         detail::silence_unused_warnings(__VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(...)
 #endif
 
 // GCC -Wunused-but-set-parameter  All GCC versions (as of July 2021).
 #if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 #    define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(...)                       \
         detail::silence_unused_warnings(__VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #    define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(...)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(__clang__)                                                                            \
     && (defined(__apple_build_version__) /* AppleClang 13.0.0.13000029 was the only data point    \
                                             available. */                                         \
         || (__clang_major__ >= 7                                                                  \
             && __clang_major__ <= 12) /* Clang 3, 5, 13, 14, 15 do not generate the warning. */   \
     )
 #    define PYBIND11_DETECTED_CLANG_WITH_MISLEADING_CALL_STD_MOVE_EXPLICITLY_WARNING
 // Example:
 // tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp:46:68: error: local variable 'args' will be copied despite
 // being returned by name [-Werror,-Wreturn-std-move]
 //     m.def("args_function", [](py::args args) -> py::tuple { return args; });
 //                                                                    ^~~~
 // test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp:46:68: note: call 'std::move' explicitly to avoid copying
 //     m.def("args_function", [](py::args args) -> py::tuple { return args; });
 //                                                                    ^~~~
 //                                                                    std::move(args)
 #endif
 
 // Pybind offers detailed error messages by default for all builts that are debug (through the
 // negation of NDEBUG). This can also be manually enabled by users, for any builds, through
 // defining PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES. This information is primarily useful for those
 // who are writing (as opposed to merely using) libraries that use pybind11.
 #if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES) && !defined(NDEBUG)
 #    define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES
 #endif
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

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