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 // Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
 // Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
 //
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file or at
 // https://developers.google.com/open-source/licenses/bsd
 
 // Author: kenton@google.com (Kenton Varda)
 //  Based on original Protocol Buffers design by
 //  Sanjay Ghemawat, Jeff Dean, and others.
 //
 // This file contains the CodedInputStream and CodedOutputStream classes,
 // which wrap a ZeroCopyInputStream or ZeroCopyOutputStream, respectively,
 // and allow you to read or write individual pieces of data in various
 // formats.  In particular, these implement the varint encoding for
 // integers, a simple variable-length encoding in which smaller numbers
 // take fewer bytes.
 //
 // Typically these classes will only be used internally by the protocol
 // buffer library in order to encode and decode protocol buffers.  Clients
 // of the library only need to know about this class if they wish to write
 // custom message parsing or serialization procedures.
 //
 // CodedOutputStream example:
 //   // Write some data to "myfile".  First we write a 4-byte "magic number"
 //   // to identify the file type, then write a length-prefixed string.  The
 //   // string is composed of a varint giving the length followed by the raw
 //   // bytes.
 //   int fd = open("myfile", O_CREAT | O_WRONLY);
 //   ZeroCopyOutputStream* raw_output = new FileOutputStream(fd);
 //   CodedOutputStream* coded_output = new CodedOutputStream(raw_output);
 //
 //   int magic_number = 1234;
 //   char text[] = "Hello world!";
 //   coded_output->WriteLittleEndian32(magic_number);
 //   coded_output->WriteVarint32(strlen(text));
 //   coded_output->WriteRaw(text, strlen(text));
 //
 //   delete coded_output;
 //   delete raw_output;
 //   close(fd);
 //
 // CodedInputStream example:
 //   // Read a file created by the above code.
 //   int fd = open("myfile", O_RDONLY);
 //   ZeroCopyInputStream* raw_input = new FileInputStream(fd);
 //   CodedInputStream* coded_input = new CodedInputStream(raw_input);
 //
 //   coded_input->ReadLittleEndian32(&magic_number);
 //   if (magic_number != 1234) {
 //     cerr << "File not in expected format." << endl;
 //     return;
 //   }
 //
 //   uint32_t size;
 //   coded_input->ReadVarint32(&size);
 //
 //   char* text = new char[size + 1];
 //   coded_input->ReadRaw(buffer, size);
 //   text[size] = '\0';
 //
 //   delete coded_input;
 //   delete raw_input;
 //   close(fd);
 //
 //   cout << "Text is: " << text << endl;
 //   delete [] text;
 //
 // For those who are interested, varint encoding is defined as follows:
 //
 // The encoding operates on unsigned integers of up to 64 bits in length.
 // Each byte of the encoded value has the format:
 // * bits 0-6: Seven bits of the number being encoded.
 // * bit 7: Zero if this is the last byte in the encoding (in which
 //   case all remaining bits of the number are zero) or 1 if
 //   more bytes follow.
 // The first byte contains the least-significant 7 bits of the number, the
 // second byte (if present) contains the next-least-significant 7 bits,
 // and so on.  So, the binary number 1011000101011 would be encoded in two
 // bytes as "10101011 00101100".
 //
 // In theory, varint could be used to encode integers of any length.
 // However, for practicality we set a limit at 64 bits.  The maximum encoded
 // length of a number is thus 10 bytes.
 
 #ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_IO_CODED_STREAM_H__
 #define GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_IO_CODED_STREAM_H__
 
 #include <assert.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <climits>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <limits>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1300 && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 // If MSVC has "/RTCc" set, it will complain about truncating casts at
 // runtime.  This file contains some intentional truncating casts.
 #pragma runtime_checks("c", off)
 #endif
 
 #include "absl/log/absl_log.h"  // Replace with vlog_is_on.h after Abseil LTS 20240722
 
 #include "absl/log/absl_check.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cord.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "google/protobuf/endian.h"
 
 // Must be included last.
 #include "google/protobuf/port_def.inc"
 
 namespace google {
 namespace protobuf {
 
 class DescriptorPool;
 class MessageFactory;
 class ZeroCopyCodedInputStream;
 
 namespace internal {
 void MapTestForceDeterministic();
 class EpsCopyByteStream;
 }  // namespace internal
 
 namespace io {
 
 // Defined in this file.
 class CodedInputStream;
 class CodedOutputStream;
 
 // Defined in other files.
 class ZeroCopyInputStream;   // zero_copy_stream.h
 class ZeroCopyOutputStream;  // zero_copy_stream.h
 
 // Class which reads and decodes binary data which is composed of varint-
 // encoded integers and fixed-width pieces.  Wraps a ZeroCopyInputStream.
 // Most users will not need to deal with CodedInputStream.
 //
 // Most methods of CodedInputStream that return a bool return false if an
 // underlying I/O error occurs or if the data is malformed.  Once such a
 // failure occurs, the CodedInputStream is broken and is no longer useful.
 // After a failure, callers also should assume writes to "out" args may have
 // occurred, though nothing useful can be determined from those writes.
 class PROTOBUF_EXPORT CodedInputStream {
  public:
   // Create a CodedInputStream that reads from the given ZeroCopyInputStream.
   explicit CodedInputStream(ZeroCopyInputStream* input);
 
   // Create a CodedInputStream that reads from the given flat array.  This is
   // faster than using an ArrayInputStream.  PushLimit(size) is implied by
   // this constructor.
   explicit CodedInputStream(const uint8_t* buffer, int size);
   CodedInputStream(const CodedInputStream&) = delete;
   CodedInputStream& operator=(const CodedInputStream&) = delete;
 
   // Destroy the CodedInputStream and position the underlying
   // ZeroCopyInputStream at the first unread byte.  If an error occurred while
   // reading (causing a method to return false), then the exact position of
   // the input stream may be anywhere between the last value that was read
   // successfully and the stream's byte limit.
   ~CodedInputStream();
 
   // Return true if this CodedInputStream reads from a flat array instead of
   // a ZeroCopyInputStream.
   inline bool IsFlat() const;
 
   // Skips a number of bytes.  Returns false if an underlying read error
   // occurs.
   inline bool Skip(int count);
 
   // Sets *data to point directly at the unread part of the CodedInputStream's
   // underlying buffer, and *size to the size of that buffer, but does not
   // advance the stream's current position.  This will always either produce
   // a non-empty buffer or return false.  If the caller consumes any of
   // this data, it should then call Skip() to skip over the consumed bytes.
   // This may be useful for implementing external fast parsing routines for
   // types of data not covered by the CodedInputStream interface.
   bool GetDirectBufferPointer(const void** data, int* size);
 
   // Like GetDirectBufferPointer, but this method is inlined, and does not
   // attempt to Refresh() if the buffer is currently empty.
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE
   void GetDirectBufferPointerInline(const void** data, int* size);
 
   // Read raw bytes, copying them into the given buffer.
   bool ReadRaw(void* buffer, int size);
 
   // Like ReadRaw, but reads into a string.
   bool ReadString(std::string* buffer, int size);
 
   // Like ReadString(), but reads to a Cord.
   bool ReadCord(absl::Cord* output, int size);
 
 
   // Read a 16-bit little-endian integer.
   bool ReadLittleEndian16(uint16_t* value);
   // Read a 32-bit little-endian integer.
   bool ReadLittleEndian32(uint32_t* value);
   // Read a 64-bit little-endian integer.
   bool ReadLittleEndian64(uint64_t* value);
 
   // These methods read from an externally provided buffer. The caller is
   // responsible for ensuring that the buffer has sufficient space.
   // Read a 16-bit little-endian integer.
   static const uint8_t* ReadLittleEndian16FromArray(const uint8_t* buffer,
                                                     uint16_t* value);
   // Read a 32-bit little-endian integer.
   static const uint8_t* ReadLittleEndian32FromArray(const uint8_t* buffer,
                                                     uint32_t* value);
   // Read a 64-bit little-endian integer.
   static const uint8_t* ReadLittleEndian64FromArray(const uint8_t* buffer,
                                                     uint64_t* value);
 
   // Read an unsigned integer with Varint encoding, truncating to 32 bits.
   // Reading a 32-bit value is equivalent to reading a 64-bit one and casting
   // it to uint32_t, but may be more efficient.
   bool ReadVarint32(uint32_t* value);
   // Read an unsigned integer with Varint encoding.
   bool ReadVarint64(uint64_t* value);
 
   // Reads a varint off the wire into an "int". This should be used for reading
   // sizes off the wire (sizes of strings, submessages, bytes fields, etc).
   //
   // The value from the wire is interpreted as unsigned.  If its value exceeds
   // the representable value of an integer on this platform, instead of
   // truncating we return false. Truncating (as performed by ReadVarint32()
   // above) is an acceptable approach for fields representing an integer, but
   // when we are parsing a size from the wire, truncating the value would result
   // in us misparsing the payload.
   bool ReadVarintSizeAsInt(int* value);
 
   // Read a tag.  This calls ReadVarint32() and returns the result, or returns
   // zero (which is not a valid tag) if ReadVarint32() fails.  Also, ReadTag
   // (but not ReadTagNoLastTag) updates the last tag value, which can be checked
   // with LastTagWas().
   //
   // Always inline because this is only called in one place per parse loop
   // but it is called for every iteration of said loop, so it should be fast.
   // GCC doesn't want to inline this by default.
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint32_t ReadTag() {
     return last_tag_ = ReadTagNoLastTag();
   }
 
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint32_t ReadTagNoLastTag();
 
   // This usually a faster alternative to ReadTag() when cutoff is a manifest
   // constant.  It does particularly well for cutoff >= 127.  The first part
   // of the return value is the tag that was read, though it can also be 0 in
   // the cases where ReadTag() would return 0.  If the second part is true
   // then the tag is known to be in [0, cutoff].  If not, the tag either is
   // above cutoff or is 0.  (There's intentional wiggle room when tag is 0,
   // because that can arise in several ways, and for best performance we want
   // to avoid an extra "is tag == 0?" check here.)
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE
   std::pair<uint32_t, bool> ReadTagWithCutoff(uint32_t cutoff) {
     std::pair<uint32_t, bool> result = ReadTagWithCutoffNoLastTag(cutoff);
     last_tag_ = result.first;
     return result;
   }
 
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE
   std::pair<uint32_t, bool> ReadTagWithCutoffNoLastTag(uint32_t cutoff);
 
   // Usually returns true if calling ReadVarint32() now would produce the given
   // value.  Will always return false if ReadVarint32() would not return the
   // given value.  If ExpectTag() returns true, it also advances past
   // the varint.  For best performance, use a compile-time constant as the
   // parameter.
   // Always inline because this collapses to a small number of instructions
   // when given a constant parameter, but GCC doesn't want to inline by default.
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE bool ExpectTag(uint32_t expected);
 
   // Like above, except this reads from the specified buffer. The caller is
   // responsible for ensuring that the buffer is large enough to read a varint
   // of the expected size. For best performance, use a compile-time constant as
   // the expected tag parameter.
   //
   // Returns a pointer beyond the expected tag if it was found, or NULL if it
   // was not.
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE
   static const uint8_t* ExpectTagFromArray(const uint8_t* buffer,
                                            uint32_t expected);
 
   // Usually returns true if no more bytes can be read.  Always returns false
   // if more bytes can be read.  If ExpectAtEnd() returns true, a subsequent
   // call to LastTagWas() will act as if ReadTag() had been called and returned
   // zero, and ConsumedEntireMessage() will return true.
   bool ExpectAtEnd();
 
   // If the last call to ReadTag() or ReadTagWithCutoff() returned the given
   // value, returns true.  Otherwise, returns false.
   // ReadTagNoLastTag/ReadTagWithCutoffNoLastTag do not preserve the last
   // returned value.
   //
   // This is needed because parsers for some types of embedded messages
   // (with field type TYPE_GROUP) don't actually know that they've reached the
   // end of a message until they see an ENDGROUP tag, which was actually part
   // of the enclosing message.  The enclosing message would like to check that
   // tag to make sure it had the right number, so it calls LastTagWas() on
   // return from the embedded parser to check.
   bool LastTagWas(uint32_t expected);
   void SetLastTag(uint32_t tag) { last_tag_ = tag; }
 
   // When parsing message (but NOT a group), this method must be called
   // immediately after MergeFromCodedStream() returns (if it returns true)
   // to further verify that the message ended in a legitimate way.  For
   // example, this verifies that parsing did not end on an end-group tag.
   // It also checks for some cases where, due to optimizations,
   // MergeFromCodedStream() can incorrectly return true.
   bool ConsumedEntireMessage();
   void SetConsumed() { legitimate_message_end_ = true; }
 
   // Limits ----------------------------------------------------------
   // Limits are used when parsing length-prefixed embedded messages.
   // After the message's length is read, PushLimit() is used to prevent
   // the CodedInputStream from reading beyond that length.  Once the
   // embedded message has been parsed, PopLimit() is called to undo the
   // limit.
 
   // Opaque type used with PushLimit() and PopLimit().  Do not modify
   // values of this type yourself.  The only reason that this isn't a
   // struct with private internals is for efficiency.
   typedef int Limit;
 
   // Places a limit on the number of bytes that the stream may read,
   // starting from the current position.  Once the stream hits this limit,
   // it will act like the end of the input has been reached until PopLimit()
   // is called.
   //
   // As the names imply, the stream conceptually has a stack of limits.  The
   // shortest limit on the stack is always enforced, even if it is not the
   // top limit.
   //
   // The value returned by PushLimit() is opaque to the caller, and must
   // be passed unchanged to the corresponding call to PopLimit().
   Limit PushLimit(int byte_limit);
 
   // Pops the last limit pushed by PushLimit().  The input must be the value
   // returned by that call to PushLimit().
   void PopLimit(Limit limit);
 
   // Returns the number of bytes left until the nearest limit on the
   // stack is hit, or -1 if no limits are in place.
   int BytesUntilLimit() const;
 
   // Returns current position relative to the beginning of the input stream.
   int CurrentPosition() const;
 
   // Total Bytes Limit -----------------------------------------------
   // To prevent malicious users from sending excessively large messages
   // and causing memory exhaustion, CodedInputStream imposes a hard limit on
   // the total number of bytes it will read.
 
   // Sets the maximum number of bytes that this CodedInputStream will read
   // before refusing to continue.  To prevent servers from allocating enormous
   // amounts of memory to hold parsed messages, the maximum message length
   // should be limited to the shortest length that will not harm usability.
   // The default limit is INT_MAX (~2GB) and apps should set shorter limits
   // if possible. An error will always be printed to stderr if the limit is
   // reached.
   //
   // Note: setting a limit less than the current read position is interpreted
   // as a limit on the current position.
   //
   // This is unrelated to PushLimit()/PopLimit().
   void SetTotalBytesLimit(int total_bytes_limit);
 
   // The Total Bytes Limit minus the Current Position, or -1 if the total bytes
   // limit is INT_MAX.
   int BytesUntilTotalBytesLimit() const;
 
   // Recursion Limit -------------------------------------------------
   // To prevent corrupt or malicious messages from causing stack overflows,
   // we must keep track of the depth of recursion when parsing embedded
   // messages and groups.  CodedInputStream keeps track of this because it
   // is the only object that is passed down the stack during parsing.
 
   // Sets the maximum recursion depth.  The default is 100.
   void SetRecursionLimit(int limit);
   int RecursionBudget() { return recursion_budget_; }
 
   static int GetDefaultRecursionLimit() { return default_recursion_limit_; }
 
   // Increments the current recursion depth.  Returns true if the depth is
   // under the limit, false if it has gone over.
   bool IncrementRecursionDepth();
 
   // Decrements the recursion depth if possible.
   void DecrementRecursionDepth();
 
   // Decrements the recursion depth blindly.  This is faster than
   // DecrementRecursionDepth().  It should be used only if all previous
   // increments to recursion depth were successful.
   void UnsafeDecrementRecursionDepth();
 
   // Shorthand for make_pair(PushLimit(byte_limit), --recursion_budget_).
   // Using this can reduce code size and complexity in some cases.  The caller
   // is expected to check that the second part of the result is non-negative (to
   // bail out if the depth of recursion is too high) and, if all is well, to
   // later pass the first part of the result to PopLimit() or similar.
   std::pair<CodedInputStream::Limit, int> IncrementRecursionDepthAndPushLimit(
       int byte_limit);
 
   // Shorthand for PushLimit(ReadVarint32(&length) ? length : 0).
   Limit ReadLengthAndPushLimit();
 
   // Helper that is equivalent to: {
   //  bool result = ConsumedEntireMessage();
   //  PopLimit(limit);
   //  UnsafeDecrementRecursionDepth();
   //  return result; }
   // Using this can reduce code size and complexity in some cases.
   // Do not use unless the current recursion depth is greater than zero.
   bool DecrementRecursionDepthAndPopLimit(Limit limit);
 
   // Helper that is equivalent to: {
   //  bool result = ConsumedEntireMessage();
   //  PopLimit(limit);
   //  return result; }
   // Using this can reduce code size and complexity in some cases.
   bool CheckEntireMessageConsumedAndPopLimit(Limit limit);
 
   // Extension Registry ----------------------------------------------
   // ADVANCED USAGE:  99.9% of people can ignore this section.
   //
   // By default, when parsing extensions, the parser looks for extension
   // definitions in the pool which owns the outer message's Descriptor.
   // However, you may call SetExtensionRegistry() to provide an alternative
   // pool instead.  This makes it possible, for example, to parse a message
   // using a generated class, but represent some extensions using
   // DynamicMessage.
 
   // Set the pool used to look up extensions.  Most users do not need to call
   // this as the correct pool will be chosen automatically.
   //
   // WARNING:  It is very easy to misuse this.  Carefully read the requirements
   //   below.  Do not use this unless you are sure you need it.  Almost no one
   //   does.
   //
   // Let's say you are parsing a message into message object m, and you want
   // to take advantage of SetExtensionRegistry().  You must follow these
   // requirements:
   //
   // The given DescriptorPool must contain m->GetDescriptor().  It is not
   // sufficient for it to simply contain a descriptor that has the same name
   // and content -- it must be the *exact object*.  In other words:
   //   assert(pool->FindMessageTypeByName(m->GetDescriptor()->full_name()) ==
   //          m->GetDescriptor());
   // There are two ways to satisfy this requirement:
   // 1) Use m->GetDescriptor()->pool() as the pool.  This is generally useless
   //    because this is the pool that would be used anyway if you didn't call
   //    SetExtensionRegistry() at all.
   // 2) Use a DescriptorPool which has m->GetDescriptor()->pool() as an
   //    "underlay".  Read the documentation for DescriptorPool for more
   //    information about underlays.
   //
   // You must also provide a MessageFactory.  This factory will be used to
   // construct Message objects representing extensions.  The factory's
   // GetPrototype() MUST return non-NULL for any Descriptor which can be found
   // through the provided pool.
   //
   // If the provided factory might return instances of protocol-compiler-
   // generated (i.e. compiled-in) types, or if the outer message object m is
   // a generated type, then the given factory MUST have this property:  If
   // GetPrototype() is given a Descriptor which resides in
   // DescriptorPool::generated_pool(), the factory MUST return the same
   // prototype which MessageFactory::generated_factory() would return.  That
   // is, given a descriptor for a generated type, the factory must return an
   // instance of the generated class (NOT DynamicMessage).  However, when
   // given a descriptor for a type that is NOT in generated_pool, the factory
   // is free to return any implementation.
   //
   // The reason for this requirement is that generated sub-objects may be
   // accessed via the standard (non-reflection) extension accessor methods,
   // and these methods will down-cast the object to the generated class type.
   // If the object is not actually of that type, the results would be undefined.
   // On the other hand, if an extension is not compiled in, then there is no
   // way the code could end up accessing it via the standard accessors -- the
   // only way to access the extension is via reflection.  When using reflection,
   // DynamicMessage and generated messages are indistinguishable, so it's fine
   // if these objects are represented using DynamicMessage.
   //
   // Using DynamicMessageFactory on which you have called
   // SetDelegateToGeneratedFactory(true) should be sufficient to satisfy the
   // above requirement.
   //
   // If either pool or factory is NULL, both must be NULL.
   //
   // Note that this feature is ignored when parsing "lite" messages as they do
   // not have descriptors.
   void SetExtensionRegistry(const DescriptorPool* pool,
                             MessageFactory* factory);
 
   // Get the DescriptorPool set via SetExtensionRegistry(), or NULL if no pool
   // has been provided.
   const DescriptorPool* GetExtensionPool();
 
   // Get the MessageFactory set via SetExtensionRegistry(), or NULL if no
   // factory has been provided.
   MessageFactory* GetExtensionFactory();
 
  private:
   const uint8_t* buffer_;
   const uint8_t* buffer_end_;  // pointer to the end of the buffer.
   ZeroCopyInputStream* input_;
   int total_bytes_read_;  // total bytes read from input_, including
                           // the current buffer
 
   // If total_bytes_read_ surpasses INT_MAX, we record the extra bytes here
   // so that we can BackUp() on destruction.
   int overflow_bytes_;
 
   // LastTagWas() stuff.
   uint32_t last_tag_;  // result of last ReadTag() or ReadTagWithCutoff().
 
   // This is set true by ReadTag{Fallback/Slow}() if it is called when exactly
   // at EOF, or by ExpectAtEnd() when it returns true.  This happens when we
   // reach the end of a message and attempt to read another tag.
   bool legitimate_message_end_;
 
   // See EnableAliasing().
   bool aliasing_enabled_;
 
   // If true, set eager parsing mode to override lazy fields.
   bool force_eager_parsing_;
 
   // Limits
   Limit current_limit_;  // if position = -1, no limit is applied
 
   // For simplicity, if the current buffer crosses a limit (either a normal
   // limit created by PushLimit() or the total bytes limit), buffer_size_
   // only tracks the number of bytes before that limit.  This field
   // contains the number of bytes after it.  Note that this implies that if
   // buffer_size_ == 0 and buffer_size_after_limit_ > 0, we know we've
   // hit a limit.  However, if both are zero, it doesn't necessarily mean
   // we aren't at a limit -- the buffer may have ended exactly at the limit.
   int buffer_size_after_limit_;
 
   // Maximum number of bytes to read, period.  This is unrelated to
   // current_limit_.  Set using SetTotalBytesLimit().
   int total_bytes_limit_;
 
   // Current recursion budget, controlled by IncrementRecursionDepth() and
   // similar.  Starts at recursion_limit_ and goes down: if this reaches
   // -1 we are over budget.
   int recursion_budget_;
   // Recursion depth limit, set by SetRecursionLimit().
   int recursion_limit_;
 
   // See SetExtensionRegistry().
   const DescriptorPool* extension_pool_;
   MessageFactory* extension_factory_;
 
   // Private member functions.
 
   // Fallback when Skip() goes past the end of the current buffer.
   bool SkipFallback(int count, int original_buffer_size);
 
   // Advance the buffer by a given number of bytes.
   void Advance(int amount);
 
   // Back up input_ to the current buffer position.
   void BackUpInputToCurrentPosition();
 
   // Recomputes the value of buffer_size_after_limit_.  Must be called after
   // current_limit_ or total_bytes_limit_ changes.
   void RecomputeBufferLimits();
 
   // Writes an error message saying that we hit total_bytes_limit_.
   void PrintTotalBytesLimitError();
 
   // Called when the buffer runs out to request more data.  Implies an
   // Advance(BufferSize()).
   bool Refresh();
 
   // When parsing varints, we optimize for the common case of small values, and
   // then optimize for the case when the varint fits within the current buffer
   // piece. The Fallback method is used when we can't use the one-byte
   // optimization. The Slow method is yet another fallback when the buffer is
   // not large enough. Making the slow path out-of-line speeds up the common
   // case by 10-15%. The slow path is fairly uncommon: it only triggers when a
   // message crosses multiple buffers.  Note: ReadVarint32Fallback() and
   // ReadVarint64Fallback() are called frequently and generally not inlined, so
   // they have been optimized to avoid "out" parameters.  The former returns -1
   // if it fails and the uint32_t it read otherwise.  The latter has a bool
   // indicating success or failure as part of its return type.
   int64_t ReadVarint32Fallback(uint32_t first_byte_or_zero);
   int ReadVarintSizeAsIntFallback();
   std::pair<uint64_t, bool> ReadVarint64Fallback();
   bool ReadVarint32Slow(uint32_t* value);
   bool ReadVarint64Slow(uint64_t* value);
   int ReadVarintSizeAsIntSlow();
   bool ReadLittleEndian16Fallback(uint16_t* value);
   bool ReadLittleEndian32Fallback(uint32_t* value);
   bool ReadLittleEndian64Fallback(uint64_t* value);
 
   // Fallback/slow methods for reading tags. These do not update last_tag_,
   // but will set legitimate_message_end_ if we are at the end of the input
   // stream.
   uint32_t ReadTagFallback(uint32_t first_byte_or_zero);
   uint32_t ReadTagSlow();
   bool ReadStringFallback(std::string* buffer, int size);
 
   // Return the size of the buffer.
   int BufferSize() const;
 
   static const int kDefaultTotalBytesLimit = INT_MAX;
 
   static int default_recursion_limit_;  // 100 by default.
 
   friend class google::protobuf::ZeroCopyCodedInputStream;
   friend class google::protobuf::internal::EpsCopyByteStream;
 };
 
 // EpsCopyOutputStream wraps a ZeroCopyOutputStream and exposes a new stream,
 // which has the property you can write kSlopBytes (16 bytes) from the current
 // position without bounds checks. The cursor into the stream is managed by
 // the user of the class and is an explicit parameter in the methods. Careful
 // use of this class, ie. keep ptr a local variable, eliminates the need to
 // for the compiler to sync the ptr value between register and memory.
 class PROTOBUF_EXPORT EpsCopyOutputStream {
  public:
   enum { kSlopBytes = 16 };
 
   // Initialize from a stream.
   EpsCopyOutputStream(ZeroCopyOutputStream* stream, bool deterministic,
                       uint8_t** pp)
       : end_(buffer_),
         stream_(stream),
         is_serialization_deterministic_(deterministic) {
     *pp = buffer_;
   }
 
   // Only for array serialization. No overflow protection, end_ will be the
   // pointed to the end of the array. When using this the total size is already
   // known, so no need to maintain the slop region.
   EpsCopyOutputStream(void* data, int size, bool deterministic)
       : end_(static_cast<uint8_t*>(data) + size),
         buffer_end_(nullptr),
         stream_(nullptr),
         is_serialization_deterministic_(deterministic) {}
 
   // Initialize from stream but with the first buffer already given (eager).
   EpsCopyOutputStream(void* data, int size, ZeroCopyOutputStream* stream,
                       bool deterministic, uint8_t** pp)
       : stream_(stream), is_serialization_deterministic_(deterministic) {
     *pp = SetInitialBuffer(data, size);
   }
 
   // Flush everything that's written into the underlying ZeroCopyOutputStream
   // and trims the underlying stream to the location of ptr.
   uint8_t* Trim(uint8_t* ptr);
 
   // After this it's guaranteed you can safely write kSlopBytes to ptr. This
   // will never fail! The underlying stream can produce an error. Use HadError
   // to check for errors.
   [[nodiscard]] uint8_t* EnsureSpace(uint8_t* ptr) {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(ptr >= end_)) {
       return EnsureSpaceFallback(ptr);
     }
     return ptr;
   }
 
   uint8_t* WriteRaw(const void* data, int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(end_ - ptr < size)) {
       return WriteRawFallback(data, size, ptr);
     }
     std::memcpy(ptr, data, static_cast<unsigned int>(size));
     return ptr + size;
   }
   // Writes the buffer specified by data, size to the stream. Possibly by
   // aliasing the buffer (ie. not copying the data). The caller is responsible
   // to make sure the buffer is alive for the duration of the
   // ZeroCopyOutputStream.
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   PROTOBUF_NOINLINE
 #endif
   uint8_t* WriteRawMaybeAliased(const void* data, int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     if (aliasing_enabled_) {
       return WriteAliasedRaw(data, size, ptr);
     } else {
       return WriteRaw(data, size, ptr);
     }
   }
 
   uint8_t* WriteCord(const absl::Cord& cord, uint8_t* ptr);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   PROTOBUF_NOINLINE
 #endif
   uint8_t* WriteStringMaybeAliased(uint32_t num, absl::string_view s,
                                    uint8_t* ptr) {
     std::ptrdiff_t size = s.size();
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(size >= 128 ||
                            end_ - ptr + 16 - TagSize(num << 3) - 1 < size)) {
       return WriteStringMaybeAliasedOutline(num, s, ptr);
     }
     ptr = UnsafeVarint((num << 3) | 2, ptr);
     *ptr++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(size);
     std::memcpy(ptr, s.data(), size);
     return ptr + size;
   }
   uint8_t* WriteBytesMaybeAliased(uint32_t num, absl::string_view s,
                                   uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteStringMaybeAliased(num, s, ptr);
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteString(uint32_t num, const T& s,
                                               uint8_t* ptr) {
     std::ptrdiff_t size = s.size();
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(size >= 128 ||
                            end_ - ptr + 16 - TagSize(num << 3) - 1 < size)) {
       return WriteStringOutline(num, s, ptr);
     }
     ptr = UnsafeVarint((num << 3) | 2, ptr);
     *ptr++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(size);
     std::memcpy(ptr, s.data(), size);
     return ptr + size;
   }
 
   uint8_t* WriteString(uint32_t num, const absl::Cord& s, uint8_t* ptr) {
     ptr = EnsureSpace(ptr);
     ptr = WriteTag(num, 2, ptr);
     return WriteCordOutline(s, ptr);
   }
 
   template <typename T>
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   PROTOBUF_NOINLINE
 #endif
   uint8_t* WriteBytes(uint32_t num, const T& s, uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteString(num, s, ptr);
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteInt32Packed(int num, const T& r,
                                                    int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteVarintPacked(num, r, size, ptr, Encode64);
   }
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteUInt32Packed(int num, const T& r,
                                                     int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteVarintPacked(num, r, size, ptr, Encode32);
   }
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteSInt32Packed(int num, const T& r,
                                                     int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteVarintPacked(num, r, size, ptr, ZigZagEncode32);
   }
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteInt64Packed(int num, const T& r,
                                                    int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteVarintPacked(num, r, size, ptr, Encode64);
   }
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteUInt64Packed(int num, const T& r,
                                                     int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteVarintPacked(num, r, size, ptr, Encode64);
   }
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteSInt64Packed(int num, const T& r,
                                                     int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteVarintPacked(num, r, size, ptr, ZigZagEncode64);
   }
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteEnumPacked(int num, const T& r, int size,
                                                   uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteVarintPacked(num, r, size, ptr, Encode64);
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteFixedPacked(int num, const T& r,
                                                    uint8_t* ptr) {
     ptr = EnsureSpace(ptr);
     constexpr auto element_size = sizeof(typename T::value_type);
     auto size = r.size() * element_size;
     ptr = WriteLengthDelim(num, size, ptr);
     return WriteRawLittleEndian<element_size>(r.data(), static_cast<int>(size),
                                               ptr);
   }
 
   template <int kElementSize>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteRawNumericArrayLittleEndian(
       const void* data, int size, uint8_t* ptr) {
     return WriteRawLittleEndian<kElementSize>(data, size, ptr);
   }
 
   // Returns true if there was an underlying I/O error since this object was
   // created.
   bool HadError() const { return had_error_; }
 
   // Instructs the EpsCopyOutputStream to allow the underlying
   // ZeroCopyOutputStream to hold pointers to the original structure instead of
   // copying, if it supports it (i.e. output->AllowsAliasing() is true).  If the
   // underlying stream does not support aliasing, then enabling it has no
   // affect.  For now, this only affects the behavior of
   // WriteRawMaybeAliased().
   //
   // NOTE: It is caller's responsibility to ensure that the chunk of memory
   // remains live until all of the data has been consumed from the stream.
   void EnableAliasing(bool enabled);
 
   // See documentation on CodedOutputStream::SetSerializationDeterministic.
   void SetSerializationDeterministic(bool value) {
     is_serialization_deterministic_ = value;
   }
 
   // See documentation on CodedOutputStream::IsSerializationDeterministic.
   bool IsSerializationDeterministic() const {
     return is_serialization_deterministic_;
   }
 
   // The number of bytes written to the stream at position ptr, relative to the
   // stream's overall position.
   int64_t ByteCount(uint8_t* ptr) const;
 
 
 #ifdef PROTOBUF_INTERNAL_V2_EXPERIMENT
   template <typename ValT, typename CallbackT>
   uint8_t* WriteNumericArray(uint8_t* ptr, uint32_t count,
                              CallbackT&& callback) {
     static_assert(sizeof(ValT) > 1, "Use WriteRaw");
     static_assert(sizeof(ValT) < kSlopBytes, "");
 
     int64_t size = count * sizeof(ValT);
     while (size > 0) {
       ptr = EnsureSpace(ptr);
       int64_t chunk_size = std::min<int64_t>(GetSize(ptr), size);
       int64_t round_down_size = (chunk_size / sizeof(ValT)) * sizeof(ValT);
       ABSL_DCHECK_GT(round_down_size, 0u);
 
       callback(ptr, round_down_size);
 
       size -= round_down_size;
       ptr += round_down_size;
     }
     return ptr;
   }
 #endif  // PROTOBUF_INTERNAL_V2_EXPERIMENT
 
  private:
   uint8_t* end_;
   uint8_t* buffer_end_ = buffer_;
   uint8_t buffer_[2 * kSlopBytes];
   ZeroCopyOutputStream* stream_;
   bool had_error_ = false;
   bool aliasing_enabled_ = false;  // See EnableAliasing().
   bool is_serialization_deterministic_;
   bool skip_check_consistency_ = false;
 
   uint8_t* EnsureSpaceFallback(uint8_t* ptr);
   inline uint8_t* Next();
   int Flush(uint8_t* ptr);
   std::ptrdiff_t GetSize(uint8_t* ptr) const {
     ABSL_DCHECK(ptr <= end_ + kSlopBytes);  // NOLINT
     return end_ + kSlopBytes - ptr;
   }
 
   uint8_t* Error() {
     had_error_ = true;
     // We use the patch buffer to always guarantee space to write to.
     end_ = buffer_ + kSlopBytes;
     return buffer_;
   }
 
   static constexpr int TagSize(uint32_t tag) {
     return (tag < (1 << 7))    ? 1
            : (tag < (1 << 14)) ? 2
            : (tag < (1 << 21)) ? 3
            : (tag < (1 << 28)) ? 4
                                : 5;
   }
 
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteTag(uint32_t num, uint32_t wt,
                                            uint8_t* ptr) {
     ABSL_DCHECK(ptr < end_);  // NOLINT
     return UnsafeVarint((num << 3) | wt, ptr);
   }
 
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteLengthDelim(int num, uint32_t size,
                                                    uint8_t* ptr) {
     ptr = WriteTag(num, 2, ptr);
     return UnsafeWriteSize(size, ptr);
   }
 
   uint8_t* WriteRawFallback(const void* data, int size, uint8_t* ptr);
 
   uint8_t* WriteAliasedRaw(const void* data, int size, uint8_t* ptr);
 
   uint8_t* WriteStringMaybeAliasedOutline(uint32_t num, absl::string_view s,
                                           uint8_t* ptr);
   uint8_t* WriteStringOutline(uint32_t num, absl::string_view s, uint8_t* ptr);
   uint8_t* WriteCordOutline(const absl::Cord& c, uint8_t* ptr);
 
   template <typename T, typename E>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE uint8_t* WriteVarintPacked(int num, const T& r,
                                                     int size, uint8_t* ptr,
                                                     const E& encode) {
     ptr = EnsureSpace(ptr);
     ptr = WriteLengthDelim(num, size, ptr);
     auto it = r.data();
     auto end = it + r.size();
     do {
       ptr = EnsureSpace(ptr);
       ptr = UnsafeVarint(encode(*it++), ptr);
     } while (it < end);
     return ptr;
   }
 
   static uint32_t Encode32(uint32_t v) { return v; }
   static uint64_t Encode64(uint64_t v) { return v; }
   static uint32_t ZigZagEncode32(int32_t v) {
     return (static_cast<uint32_t>(v) << 1) ^ static_cast<uint32_t>(v >> 31);
   }
   static uint64_t ZigZagEncode64(int64_t v) {
     return (static_cast<uint64_t>(v) << 1) ^ static_cast<uint64_t>(v >> 63);
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE static uint8_t* UnsafeVarint(T value, uint8_t* ptr) {
     static_assert(std::is_unsigned<T>::value,
                   "Varint serialization must be unsigned");
     while (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(value >= 0x80)) {
       *ptr = static_cast<uint8_t>(value | 0x80);
       value >>= 7;
       ++ptr;
     }
     *ptr++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(value);
     return ptr;
   }
 
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE static uint8_t* UnsafeWriteSize(uint32_t value,
                                                          uint8_t* ptr) {
     while (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(value >= 0x80)) {
       *ptr = static_cast<uint8_t>(value | 0x80);
       value >>= 7;
       ++ptr;
     }
     *ptr++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(value);
     return ptr;
   }
 
   template <int S>
   uint8_t* WriteRawLittleEndian(const void* data, int size, uint8_t* ptr);
 #if !defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN) || \
     defined(PROTOBUF_DISABLE_LITTLE_ENDIAN_OPT_FOR_TEST)
   uint8_t* WriteRawLittleEndian32(const void* data, int size, uint8_t* ptr);
   uint8_t* WriteRawLittleEndian64(const void* data, int size, uint8_t* ptr);
 #endif
 
   // These methods are for CodedOutputStream. Ideally they should be private
   // but to match current behavior of CodedOutputStream as close as possible
   // we allow it some functionality.
  public:
   uint8_t* SetInitialBuffer(void* data, int size) {
     auto ptr = static_cast<uint8_t*>(data);
     if (size > kSlopBytes) {
       end_ = ptr + size - kSlopBytes;
       buffer_end_ = nullptr;
       return ptr;
     } else {
       end_ = buffer_ + size;
       buffer_end_ = ptr;
       return buffer_;
     }
   }
 
  private:
   // Needed by CodedOutputStream HadError. HadError needs to flush the patch
   // buffers to ensure there is no error as of yet.
   uint8_t* FlushAndResetBuffer(uint8_t*);
 
   // The following functions mimic the old CodedOutputStream behavior as close
   // as possible. They flush the current state to the stream, behave as
   // the old CodedOutputStream and then return to normal operation.
   bool Skip(int count, uint8_t** pp);
   bool GetDirectBufferPointer(void** data, int* size, uint8_t** pp);
   uint8_t* GetDirectBufferForNBytesAndAdvance(int size, uint8_t** pp);
 
   friend class CodedOutputStream;
 };
 
 template <>
 inline uint8_t* EpsCopyOutputStream::WriteRawLittleEndian<1>(const void* data,
                                                              int size,
                                                              uint8_t* ptr) {
   return WriteRaw(data, size, ptr);
 }
 template <>
 inline uint8_t* EpsCopyOutputStream::WriteRawLittleEndian<4>(const void* data,
                                                              int size,
                                                              uint8_t* ptr) {
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && \
     !defined(PROTOBUF_DISABLE_LITTLE_ENDIAN_OPT_FOR_TEST)
   return WriteRaw(data, size, ptr);
 #else
   return WriteRawLittleEndian32(data, size, ptr);
 #endif
 }
 template <>
 inline uint8_t* EpsCopyOutputStream::WriteRawLittleEndian<8>(const void* data,
                                                              int size,
                                                              uint8_t* ptr) {
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && \
     !defined(PROTOBUF_DISABLE_LITTLE_ENDIAN_OPT_FOR_TEST)
   return WriteRaw(data, size, ptr);
 #else
   return WriteRawLittleEndian64(data, size, ptr);
 #endif
 }
 
 // Class which encodes and writes binary data which is composed of varint-
 // encoded integers and fixed-width pieces.  Wraps a ZeroCopyOutputStream.
 // Most users will not need to deal with CodedOutputStream.
 //
 // Most methods of CodedOutputStream which return a bool return false if an
 // underlying I/O error occurs.  Once such a failure occurs, the
 // CodedOutputStream is broken and is no longer useful. The Write* methods do
 // not return the stream status, but will invalidate the stream if an error
 // occurs. The client can probe HadError() to determine the status.
 //
 // Note that every method of CodedOutputStream which writes some data has
 // a corresponding static "ToArray" version. These versions write directly
 // to the provided buffer, returning a pointer past the last written byte.
 // They require that the buffer has sufficient capacity for the encoded data.
 // This allows an optimization where we check if an output stream has enough
 // space for an entire message before we start writing and, if there is, we
 // call only the ToArray methods to avoid doing bound checks for each
 // individual value.
 // i.e., in the example above:
 //
 //   CodedOutputStream* coded_output = new CodedOutputStream(raw_output);
 //   int magic_number = 1234;
 //   char text[] = "Hello world!";
 //
 //   int coded_size = sizeof(magic_number) +
 //                    CodedOutputStream::VarintSize32(strlen(text)) +
 //                    strlen(text);
 //
 //   uint8_t* buffer =
 //       coded_output->GetDirectBufferForNBytesAndAdvance(coded_size);
 //   if (buffer != nullptr) {
 //     // The output stream has enough space in the buffer: write directly to
 //     // the array.
 //     buffer = CodedOutputStream::WriteLittleEndian32ToArray(magic_number,
 //                                                            buffer);
 //     buffer = CodedOutputStream::WriteVarint32ToArray(strlen(text), buffer);
 //     buffer = CodedOutputStream::WriteRawToArray(text, strlen(text), buffer);
 //   } else {
 //     // Make bound-checked writes, which will ask the underlying stream for
 //     // more space as needed.
 //     coded_output->WriteLittleEndian32(magic_number);
 //     coded_output->WriteVarint32(strlen(text));
 //     coded_output->WriteRaw(text, strlen(text));
 //   }
 //
 //   delete coded_output;
 class PROTOBUF_EXPORT CodedOutputStream {
  public:
   // Creates a CodedOutputStream that writes to the given `stream`.
   // The provided stream must publicly derive from `ZeroCopyOutputStream`.
   template <class Stream, class = typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<
                               ZeroCopyOutputStream, Stream>::value>::type>
   explicit CodedOutputStream(Stream* stream);
 
   // Creates a CodedOutputStream that writes to the given `stream`, and does
   // an 'eager initialization' of the internal state if `eager_init` is true.
   // The provided stream must publicly derive from `ZeroCopyOutputStream`.
   template <class Stream, class = typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<
                               ZeroCopyOutputStream, Stream>::value>::type>
   CodedOutputStream(Stream* stream, bool eager_init);
   CodedOutputStream(const CodedOutputStream&) = delete;
   CodedOutputStream& operator=(const CodedOutputStream&) = delete;
 
   // Destroy the CodedOutputStream and position the underlying
   // ZeroCopyOutputStream immediately after the last byte written.
   ~CodedOutputStream();
 
   // Returns true if there was an underlying I/O error since this object was
   // created. On should call Trim before this function in order to catch all
   // errors.
   bool HadError() {
     cur_ = impl_.FlushAndResetBuffer(cur_);
     ABSL_DCHECK(cur_);
     return impl_.HadError();
   }
 
   // Trims any unused space in the underlying buffer so that its size matches
   // the number of bytes written by this stream. The underlying buffer will
   // automatically be trimmed when this stream is destroyed; this call is only
   // necessary if the underlying buffer is accessed *before* the stream is
   // destroyed.
   void Trim() { cur_ = impl_.Trim(cur_); }
 
   // Skips a number of bytes, leaving the bytes unmodified in the underlying
   // buffer.  Returns false if an underlying write error occurs.  This is
   // mainly useful with GetDirectBufferPointer().
   // Note of caution, the skipped bytes may contain uninitialized data. The
   // caller must make sure that the skipped bytes are properly initialized,
   // otherwise you might leak bytes from your heap.
   bool Skip(int count) { return impl_.Skip(count, &cur_); }
 
   // Sets *data to point directly at the unwritten part of the
   // CodedOutputStream's underlying buffer, and *size to the size of that
   // buffer, but does not advance the stream's current position.  This will
   // always either produce a non-empty buffer or return false.  If the caller
   // writes any data to this buffer, it should then call Skip() to skip over
   // the consumed bytes.  This may be useful for implementing external fast
   // serialization routines for types of data not covered by the
   // CodedOutputStream interface.
   bool GetDirectBufferPointer(void** data, int* size) {
     return impl_.GetDirectBufferPointer(data, size, &cur_);
   }
 
   // If there are at least "size" bytes available in the current buffer,
   // returns a pointer directly into the buffer and advances over these bytes.
   // The caller may then write directly into this buffer (e.g. using the
   // *ToArray static methods) rather than go through CodedOutputStream.  If
   // there are not enough bytes available, returns NULL.  The return pointer is
   // invalidated as soon as any other non-const method of CodedOutputStream
   // is called.
   inline uint8_t* GetDirectBufferForNBytesAndAdvance(int size) {
     return impl_.GetDirectBufferForNBytesAndAdvance(size, &cur_);
   }
 
   // Write raw bytes, copying them from the given buffer.
   void WriteRaw(const void* buffer, int size) {
     cur_ = impl_.WriteRaw(buffer, size, cur_);
   }
   // Like WriteRaw()  but will try to write aliased data if aliasing is
   // turned on.
   void WriteRawMaybeAliased(const void* data, int size);
   // Like WriteRaw()  but writing directly to the target array.
   // This is _not_ inlined, as the compiler often optimizes memcpy into inline
   // copy loops. Since this gets called by every field with string or bytes
   // type, inlining may lead to a significant amount of code bloat, with only a
   // minor performance gain.
   static uint8_t* WriteRawToArray(const void* buffer, int size,
                                   uint8_t* target);
 
   // Equivalent to WriteRaw(str.data(), str.size()).
   void WriteString(absl::string_view str);
   // Like WriteString()  but writing directly to the target array.
   static uint8_t* WriteStringToArray(absl::string_view str, uint8_t* target);
   // Write the varint-encoded size of str followed by str.
   static uint8_t* WriteStringWithSizeToArray(absl::string_view str,
                                              uint8_t* target);
 
   // Like WriteString() but writes a Cord.
   void WriteCord(const absl::Cord& cord) { cur_ = impl_.WriteCord(cord, cur_); }
 
   // Like WriteCord() but writing directly to the target array.
   static uint8_t* WriteCordToArray(const absl::Cord& cord, uint8_t* target);
 
 
   // Write a 16-bit little-endian integer.
   void WriteLittleEndian16(uint16_t value) {
     cur_ = impl_.EnsureSpace(cur_);
     SetCur(WriteLittleEndian16ToArray(value, Cur()));
   }
   // Like WriteLittleEndian16() but writing directly to the target array.
   static uint8_t* WriteLittleEndian16ToArray(uint16_t value, uint8_t* target);
   // Write a 32-bit little-endian integer.
   void WriteLittleEndian32(uint32_t value) {
     cur_ = impl_.EnsureSpace(cur_);
     SetCur(WriteLittleEndian32ToArray(value, Cur()));
   }
   // Like WriteLittleEndian32() but writing directly to the target array.
   static uint8_t* WriteLittleEndian32ToArray(uint32_t value, uint8_t* target);
   // Write a 64-bit little-endian integer.
   void WriteLittleEndian64(uint64_t value) {
     cur_ = impl_.EnsureSpace(cur_);
     SetCur(WriteLittleEndian64ToArray(value, Cur()));
   }
   // Like WriteLittleEndian64() but writing directly to the target array.
   static uint8_t* WriteLittleEndian64ToArray(uint64_t value, uint8_t* target);
 
   // Write an unsigned integer with Varint encoding.  Writing a 32-bit value
   // is equivalent to casting it to uint64_t and writing it as a 64-bit value,
   // but may be more efficient.
   void WriteVarint32(uint32_t value);
   // Like WriteVarint32()  but writing directly to the target array.
   static uint8_t* WriteVarint32ToArray(uint32_t value, uint8_t* target);
   // Like WriteVarint32ToArray()
   [[deprecated("Please use WriteVarint32ToArray() instead")]] static uint8_t*
   WriteVarint32ToArrayOutOfLine(uint32_t value, uint8_t* target) {
     return WriteVarint32ToArray(value, target);
   }
   // Write an unsigned integer with Varint encoding.
   void WriteVarint64(uint64_t value);
   // Like WriteVarint64()  but writing directly to the target array.
   static uint8_t* WriteVarint64ToArray(uint64_t value, uint8_t* target);
 
   // Equivalent to WriteVarint32() except when the value is negative,
   // in which case it must be sign-extended to a full 10 bytes.
   void WriteVarint32SignExtended(int32_t value);
   // Like WriteVarint32SignExtended()  but writing directly to the target array.
   static uint8_t* WriteVarint32SignExtendedToArray(int32_t value,
                                                    uint8_t* target);
 
   // This is identical to WriteVarint32(), but optimized for writing tags.
   // In particular, if the input is a compile-time constant, this method
   // compiles down to a couple instructions.
   // Always inline because otherwise the aforementioned optimization can't work,
   // but GCC by default doesn't want to inline this.
   void WriteTag(uint32_t value);
   // Like WriteTag()  but writing directly to the target array.
   PROTOBUF_ALWAYS_INLINE
   static uint8_t* WriteTagToArray(uint32_t value, uint8_t* target);
 
   // Returns the number of bytes needed to encode the given value as a varint.
   static size_t VarintSize32(uint32_t value);
   // Returns the number of bytes needed to encode the given value as a varint.
   static size_t VarintSize64(uint64_t value);
 
   // If negative, 10 bytes.  Otherwise, same as VarintSize32().
   static size_t VarintSize32SignExtended(int32_t value);
 
   // Same as above, plus one.  The additional one comes at no compute cost.
   static size_t VarintSize32PlusOne(uint32_t value);
   static size_t VarintSize64PlusOne(uint64_t value);
   static size_t VarintSize32SignExtendedPlusOne(int32_t value);
 
   // Compile-time equivalent of VarintSize32().
   template <uint32_t Value>
   struct StaticVarintSize32 {
     static const size_t value = (Value < (1 << 7))    ? 1
                                 : (Value < (1 << 14)) ? 2
                                 : (Value < (1 << 21)) ? 3
                                 : (Value < (1 << 28)) ? 4
                                                       : 5;
   };
 
   // Returns the total number of bytes written since this object was created.
   int ByteCount() const {
     return static_cast<int>(impl_.ByteCount(cur_) - start_count_);
   }
 
   // Instructs the CodedOutputStream to allow the underlying
   // ZeroCopyOutputStream to hold pointers to the original structure instead of
   // copying, if it supports it (i.e. output->AllowsAliasing() is true).  If the
   // underlying stream does not support aliasing, then enabling it has no
   // affect.  For now, this only affects the behavior of
   // WriteRawMaybeAliased().
   //
   // NOTE: It is caller's responsibility to ensure that the chunk of memory
   // remains live until all of the data has been consumed from the stream.
   void EnableAliasing(bool enabled) { impl_.EnableAliasing(enabled); }
 
   // Indicate to the serializer whether the user wants deterministic
   // serialization. The default when this is not called comes from the global
   // default, controlled by SetDefaultSerializationDeterministic.
   //
   // What deterministic serialization means is entirely up to the driver of the
   // serialization process (i.e. the caller of methods like WriteVarint32). In
   // the case of serializing a proto buffer message using one of the methods of
   // MessageLite, this means that for a given binary equal messages will always
   // be serialized to the same bytes. This implies:
   //
   //   * Repeated serialization of a message will return the same bytes.
   //
   //   * Different processes running the same binary (including on different
   //     machines) will serialize equal messages to the same bytes.
   //
   // Note that this is *not* canonical across languages. It is also unstable
   // across different builds with intervening message definition changes, due to
   // unknown fields. Users who need canonical serialization (e.g. persistent
   // storage in a canonical form, fingerprinting) should define their own
   // canonicalization specification and implement the serializer using
   // reflection APIs rather than relying on this API.
   void SetSerializationDeterministic(bool value) {
     impl_.SetSerializationDeterministic(value);
   }
 
   // Return whether the user wants deterministic serialization. See above.
   bool IsSerializationDeterministic() const {
     return impl_.IsSerializationDeterministic();
   }
 
   static bool IsDefaultSerializationDeterministic() {
     return default_serialization_deterministic_.load(
                std::memory_order_relaxed) != 0;
   }
 
   template <typename Func>
   void Serialize(const Func& func);
 
   uint8_t* Cur() const { return cur_; }
   void SetCur(uint8_t* ptr) { cur_ = ptr; }
   EpsCopyOutputStream* EpsCopy() { return &impl_; }
 
  private:
   template <class Stream>
   void InitEagerly(Stream* stream);
 
   EpsCopyOutputStream impl_;
   uint8_t* cur_;
   int64_t start_count_;
   static std::atomic<bool> default_serialization_deterministic_;
 
   // See above.  Other projects may use "friend" to allow them to call this.
   // After SetDefaultSerializationDeterministic() completes, all protocol
   // buffer serializations will be deterministic by default.  Thread safe.
   // However, the meaning of "after" is subtle here: to be safe, each thread
   // that wants deterministic serialization by default needs to call
   // SetDefaultSerializationDeterministic() or ensure on its own that another
   // thread has done so.
   friend void google::protobuf::internal::MapTestForceDeterministic();
   static void SetDefaultSerializationDeterministic() {
     default_serialization_deterministic_.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 };
 
 // inline methods ====================================================
 // The vast majority of varints are only one byte.  These inline
 // methods optimize for that case.
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ReadVarint32(uint32_t* value) {
   uint32_t v = 0;
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(buffer_ < buffer_end_)) {
     v = *buffer_;
     if (v < 0x80) {
       *value = v;
       Advance(1);
       return true;
     }
   }
   int64_t result = ReadVarint32Fallback(v);
   *value = static_cast<uint32_t>(result);
   return result >= 0;
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ReadVarint64(uint64_t* value) {
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(buffer_ < buffer_end_) && *buffer_ < 0x80) {
     *value = *buffer_;
     Advance(1);
     return true;
   }
   std::pair<uint64_t, bool> p = ReadVarint64Fallback();
   *value = p.first;
   return p.second;
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ReadVarintSizeAsInt(int* value) {
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(buffer_ < buffer_end_)) {
     int v = *buffer_;
     if (v < 0x80) {
       *value = v;
       Advance(1);
       return true;
     }
   }
   *value = ReadVarintSizeAsIntFallback();
   return *value >= 0;
 }
 
 // static
 inline const uint8_t* CodedInputStream::ReadLittleEndian16FromArray(
     const uint8_t* buffer, uint16_t* value) {
   memcpy(value, buffer, sizeof(*value));
   *value = google::protobuf::internal::little_endian::ToHost(*value);
   return buffer + sizeof(*value);
 }
 // static
 inline const uint8_t* CodedInputStream::ReadLittleEndian32FromArray(
     const uint8_t* buffer, uint32_t* value) {
   memcpy(value, buffer, sizeof(*value));
   *value = google::protobuf::internal::little_endian::ToHost(*value);
   return buffer + sizeof(*value);
 }
 // static
 inline const uint8_t* CodedInputStream::ReadLittleEndian64FromArray(
     const uint8_t* buffer, uint64_t* value) {
   memcpy(value, buffer, sizeof(*value));
   *value = google::protobuf::internal::little_endian::ToHost(*value);
   return buffer + sizeof(*value);
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ReadLittleEndian16(uint16_t* value) {
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(BufferSize() >= static_cast<int>(sizeof(*value)))) {
     buffer_ = ReadLittleEndian16FromArray(buffer_, value);
     return true;
   } else {
     return ReadLittleEndian16Fallback(value);
   }
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ReadLittleEndian32(uint32_t* value) {
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && \
     !defined(PROTOBUF_DISABLE_LITTLE_ENDIAN_OPT_FOR_TEST)
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(BufferSize() >= static_cast<int>(sizeof(*value)))) {
     buffer_ = ReadLittleEndian32FromArray(buffer_, value);
     return true;
   } else {
     return ReadLittleEndian32Fallback(value);
   }
 #else
   return ReadLittleEndian32Fallback(value);
 #endif
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ReadLittleEndian64(uint64_t* value) {
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && \
     !defined(PROTOBUF_DISABLE_LITTLE_ENDIAN_OPT_FOR_TEST)
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(BufferSize() >= static_cast<int>(sizeof(*value)))) {
     buffer_ = ReadLittleEndian64FromArray(buffer_, value);
     return true;
   } else {
     return ReadLittleEndian64Fallback(value);
   }
 #else
   return ReadLittleEndian64Fallback(value);
 #endif
 }
 
 inline uint32_t CodedInputStream::ReadTagNoLastTag() {
   uint32_t v = 0;
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(buffer_ < buffer_end_)) {
     v = *buffer_;
     if (v < 0x80) {
       Advance(1);
       return v;
     }
   }
   v = ReadTagFallback(v);
   return v;
 }
 
 inline std::pair<uint32_t, bool> CodedInputStream::ReadTagWithCutoffNoLastTag(
     uint32_t cutoff) {
   // In performance-sensitive code we can expect cutoff to be a compile-time
   // constant, and things like "cutoff >= kMax1ByteVarint" to be evaluated at
   // compile time.
   uint32_t first_byte_or_zero = 0;
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(buffer_ < buffer_end_)) {
     // Hot case: buffer_ non_empty, buffer_[0] in [1, 128).
     // TODO: Is it worth rearranging this? E.g., if the number of fields
     // is large enough then is it better to check for the two-byte case first?
     first_byte_or_zero = buffer_[0];
     if (static_cast<int8_t>(buffer_[0]) > 0) {
       const uint32_t kMax1ByteVarint = 0x7f;
       uint32_t tag = buffer_[0];
       Advance(1);
       return std::make_pair(tag, cutoff >= kMax1ByteVarint || tag <= cutoff);
     }
     // Other hot case: cutoff >= 0x80, buffer_ has at least two bytes available,
     // and tag is two bytes.  The latter is tested by bitwise-and-not of the
     // first byte and the second byte.
     if (cutoff >= 0x80 && ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(buffer_ + 1 < buffer_end_) &&
         ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE((buffer_[0] & ~buffer_[1]) >= 0x80)) {
       const uint32_t kMax2ByteVarint = (0x7f << 7) + 0x7f;
       uint32_t tag = (1u << 7) * buffer_[1] + (buffer_[0] - 0x80);
       Advance(2);
       // It might make sense to test for tag == 0 now, but it is so rare that
       // that we don't bother.  A varint-encoded 0 should be one byte unless
       // the encoder lost its mind.  The second part of the return value of
       // this function is allowed to be either true or false if the tag is 0,
       // so we don't have to check for tag == 0.  We may need to check whether
       // it exceeds cutoff.
       bool at_or_below_cutoff = cutoff >= kMax2ByteVarint || tag <= cutoff;
       return std::make_pair(tag, at_or_below_cutoff);
     }
   }
   // Slow path
   const uint32_t tag = ReadTagFallback(first_byte_or_zero);
   return std::make_pair(tag, static_cast<uint32_t>(tag - 1) < cutoff);
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::LastTagWas(uint32_t expected) {
   return last_tag_ == expected;
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ConsumedEntireMessage() {
   return legitimate_message_end_;
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ExpectTag(uint32_t expected) {
   if (expected < (1 << 7)) {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(buffer_ < buffer_end_) && buffer_[0] == expected) {
       Advance(1);
       return true;
     } else {
       return false;
     }
   } else if (expected < (1 << 14)) {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(BufferSize() >= 2) &&
         buffer_[0] == static_cast<uint8_t>(expected | 0x80) &&
         buffer_[1] == static_cast<uint8_t>(expected >> 7)) {
       Advance(2);
       return true;
     } else {
       return false;
     }
   } else {
     // Don't bother optimizing for larger values.
     return false;
   }
 }
 
 inline const uint8_t* CodedInputStream::ExpectTagFromArray(
     const uint8_t* buffer, uint32_t expected) {
   if (expected < (1 << 7)) {
     if (buffer[0] == expected) {
       return buffer + 1;
     }
   } else if (expected < (1 << 14)) {
     if (buffer[0] == static_cast<uint8_t>(expected | 0x80) &&
         buffer[1] == static_cast<uint8_t>(expected >> 7)) {
       return buffer + 2;
     }
   }
   return nullptr;
 }
 
 inline void CodedInputStream::GetDirectBufferPointerInline(const void** data,
                                                            int* size) {
   *data = buffer_;
   *size = static_cast<int>(buffer_end_ - buffer_);
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::ExpectAtEnd() {
   // If we are at a limit we know no more bytes can be read.  Otherwise, it's
   // hard to say without calling Refresh(), and we'd rather not do that.
 
   if (buffer_ == buffer_end_ && ((buffer_size_after_limit_ != 0) ||
                                  (total_bytes_read_ == current_limit_))) {
     last_tag_ = 0;                   // Pretend we called ReadTag()...
     legitimate_message_end_ = true;  // ... and it hit EOF.
     return true;
   } else {
     return false;
   }
 }
 
 inline int CodedInputStream::CurrentPosition() const {
   return total_bytes_read_ - (BufferSize() + buffer_size_after_limit_);
 }
 
 inline void CodedInputStream::Advance(int amount) { buffer_ += amount; }
 
 inline void CodedInputStream::SetRecursionLimit(int limit) {
   recursion_budget_ += limit - recursion_limit_;
   recursion_limit_ = limit;
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::IncrementRecursionDepth() {
   --recursion_budget_;
   return recursion_budget_ >= 0;
 }
 
 inline void CodedInputStream::DecrementRecursionDepth() {
   if (recursion_budget_ < recursion_limit_) ++recursion_budget_;
 }
 
 inline void CodedInputStream::UnsafeDecrementRecursionDepth() {
   assert(recursion_budget_ < recursion_limit_);
   ++recursion_budget_;
 }
 
 inline void CodedInputStream::SetExtensionRegistry(const DescriptorPool* pool,
                                                    MessageFactory* factory) {
   extension_pool_ = pool;
   extension_factory_ = factory;
 }
 
 inline const DescriptorPool* CodedInputStream::GetExtensionPool() {
   return extension_pool_;
 }
 
 inline MessageFactory* CodedInputStream::GetExtensionFactory() {
   return extension_factory_;
 }
 
 inline int CodedInputStream::BufferSize() const {
   return static_cast<int>(buffer_end_ - buffer_);
 }
 
 inline CodedInputStream::CodedInputStream(ZeroCopyInputStream* input)
     : buffer_(nullptr),
       buffer_end_(nullptr),
       input_(input),
       total_bytes_read_(0),
       overflow_bytes_(0),
       last_tag_(0),
       legitimate_message_end_(false),
       aliasing_enabled_(false),
       force_eager_parsing_(false),
       current_limit_(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()),
       buffer_size_after_limit_(0),
       total_bytes_limit_(kDefaultTotalBytesLimit),
       recursion_budget_(default_recursion_limit_),
       recursion_limit_(default_recursion_limit_),
       extension_pool_(nullptr),
       extension_factory_(nullptr) {
   // Eagerly Refresh() so buffer space is immediately available.
   Refresh();
 }
 
 inline CodedInputStream::CodedInputStream(const uint8_t* buffer, int size)
     : buffer_(buffer),
       buffer_end_(buffer + size),
       input_(nullptr),
       total_bytes_read_(size),
       overflow_bytes_(0),
       last_tag_(0),
       legitimate_message_end_(false),
       aliasing_enabled_(false),
       force_eager_parsing_(false),
       current_limit_(size),
       buffer_size_after_limit_(0),
       total_bytes_limit_(kDefaultTotalBytesLimit),
       recursion_budget_(default_recursion_limit_),
       recursion_limit_(default_recursion_limit_),
       extension_pool_(nullptr),
       extension_factory_(nullptr) {
   // Note that setting current_limit_ == size is important to prevent some
   // code paths from trying to access input_ and segfaulting.
 }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::IsFlat() const { return input_ == nullptr; }
 
 inline bool CodedInputStream::Skip(int count) {
   if (count < 0) return false;  // security: count is often user-supplied
 
   const int original_buffer_size = BufferSize();
 
   if (count <= original_buffer_size) {
     // Just skipping within the current buffer.  Easy.
     Advance(count);
     return true;
   }
 
   return SkipFallback(count, original_buffer_size);
 }
 
 template <class Stream, class>
 inline CodedOutputStream::CodedOutputStream(Stream* stream)
     : impl_(stream, IsDefaultSerializationDeterministic(), &cur_),
       start_count_(stream->ByteCount()) {
   InitEagerly(stream);
 }
 
 template <class Stream, class>
 inline CodedOutputStream::CodedOutputStream(Stream* stream, bool eager_init)
     : impl_(stream, IsDefaultSerializationDeterministic(), &cur_),
       start_count_(stream->ByteCount()) {
   if (eager_init) {
     InitEagerly(stream);
   }
 }
 
 template <class Stream>
 inline void CodedOutputStream::InitEagerly(Stream* stream) {
   void* data;
   int size;
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(stream->Next(&data, &size) && size > 0)) {
     cur_ = impl_.SetInitialBuffer(data, size);
   }
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteVarint32ToArray(uint32_t value,
                                                         uint8_t* target) {
   return EpsCopyOutputStream::UnsafeVarint(value, target);
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteVarint64ToArray(uint64_t value,
                                                         uint8_t* target) {
   return EpsCopyOutputStream::UnsafeVarint(value, target);
 }
 
 inline void CodedOutputStream::WriteVarint32SignExtended(int32_t value) {
   WriteVarint64(static_cast<uint64_t>(value));
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteVarint32SignExtendedToArray(
     int32_t value, uint8_t* target) {
   return WriteVarint64ToArray(static_cast<uint64_t>(value), target);
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteLittleEndian16ToArray(uint16_t value,
                                                               uint8_t* target) {
   uint16_t little_endian_value = google::protobuf::internal::little_endian::ToHost(value);
   memcpy(target, &little_endian_value, sizeof(value));
   return target + sizeof(value);
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteLittleEndian32ToArray(uint32_t value,
                                                               uint8_t* target) {
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && \
     !defined(PROTOBUF_DISABLE_LITTLE_ENDIAN_OPT_FOR_TEST)
   memcpy(target, &value, sizeof(value));
 #else
   target[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(value);
   target[1] = static_cast<uint8_t>(value >> 8);
   target[2] = static_cast<uint8_t>(value >> 16);
   target[3] = static_cast<uint8_t>(value >> 24);
 #endif
   return target + sizeof(value);
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteLittleEndian64ToArray(uint64_t value,
                                                               uint8_t* target) {
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && \
     !defined(PROTOBUF_DISABLE_LITTLE_ENDIAN_OPT_FOR_TEST)
   memcpy(target, &value, sizeof(value));
 #else
   uint32_t part0 = static_cast<uint32_t>(value);
   uint32_t part1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(value >> 32);
 
   target[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(part0);
   target[1] = static_cast<uint8_t>(part0 >> 8);
   target[2] = static_cast<uint8_t>(part0 >> 16);
   target[3] = static_cast<uint8_t>(part0 >> 24);
   target[4] = static_cast<uint8_t>(part1);
   target[5] = static_cast<uint8_t>(part1 >> 8);
   target[6] = static_cast<uint8_t>(part1 >> 16);
   target[7] = static_cast<uint8_t>(part1 >> 24);
 #endif
   return target + sizeof(value);
 }
 
 inline void CodedOutputStream::WriteVarint32(uint32_t value) {
   cur_ = impl_.EnsureSpace(cur_);
   SetCur(WriteVarint32ToArray(value, Cur()));
 }
 
 inline void CodedOutputStream::WriteVarint64(uint64_t value) {
   cur_ = impl_.EnsureSpace(cur_);
   SetCur(WriteVarint64ToArray(value, Cur()));
 }
 
 inline void CodedOutputStream::WriteTag(uint32_t value) {
   WriteVarint32(value);
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteTagToArray(uint32_t value,
                                                    uint8_t* target) {
   return WriteVarint32ToArray(value, target);
 }
 
 #if (defined(__x86__) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_IX86) || \
      defined(_M_X64)) &&                                            \
     !(defined(__LZCNT__) || defined(__AVX2__))
 // X86 CPUs lacking the lzcnt instruction are faster with the bsr-based
 // implementation. MSVC does not define __LZCNT__, the nearest option that
 // it interprets as lzcnt availability is __AVX2__.
 #define PROTOBUF_CODED_STREAM_H_PREFER_BSR 1
 #else
 #define PROTOBUF_CODED_STREAM_H_PREFER_BSR 0
 #endif
 inline size_t CodedOutputStream::VarintSize32(uint32_t value) {
 #if PROTOBUF_CODED_STREAM_H_PREFER_BSR
   // Explicit OR 0x1 to avoid calling absl::countl_zero(0), which
   // requires a branch to check for on platforms without a clz instruction.
   uint32_t log2value = (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::digits - 1) -
                        absl::countl_zero(value | 0x1);
   return static_cast<size_t>((log2value * 9 + (64 + 9)) / 64);
 #else
   uint32_t clz = absl::countl_zero(value);
   return static_cast<size_t>(
       ((std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::digits * 9 + 64) - (clz * 9)) / 64);
 #endif
 }
 
 inline size_t CodedOutputStream::VarintSize32PlusOne(uint32_t value) {
   // Same as above, but one more.
 #if PROTOBUF_CODED_STREAM_H_PREFER_BSR
   uint32_t log2value = (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::digits - 1) -
                        absl::countl_zero(value | 0x1);
   return static_cast<size_t>((log2value * 9 + (64 + 9) + 64) / 64);
 #else
   uint32_t clz = absl::countl_zero(value);
   return static_cast<size_t>(
       ((std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::digits * 9 + 64 + 64) - (clz * 9)) / 64);
 #endif
 }
 
 inline size_t CodedOutputStream::VarintSize64(uint64_t value) {
 #if PROTOBUF_CODED_STREAM_H_PREFER_BSR
   // Explicit OR 0x1 to avoid calling absl::countl_zero(0), which
   // requires a branch to check for on platforms without a clz instruction.
   uint32_t log2value = (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::digits - 1) -
                        absl::countl_zero(value | 0x1);
   return static_cast<size_t>((log2value * 9 + (64 + 9)) / 64);
 #else
   uint32_t clz = absl::countl_zero(value);
   return static_cast<size_t>(
       ((std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::digits * 9 + 64) - (clz * 9)) / 64);
 #endif
 }
 
 inline size_t CodedOutputStream::VarintSize64PlusOne(uint64_t value) {
   // Same as above, but one more.
 #if PROTOBUF_CODED_STREAM_H_PREFER_BSR
   uint32_t log2value = (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::digits - 1) -
                        absl::countl_zero(value | 0x1);
   return static_cast<size_t>((log2value * 9 + (64 + 9) + 64) / 64);
 #else
   uint32_t clz = absl::countl_zero(value);
   return static_cast<size_t>(
       ((std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::digits * 9 + 64 + 64) - (clz * 9)) / 64);
 #endif
 }
 
 inline size_t CodedOutputStream::VarintSize32SignExtended(int32_t value) {
   return VarintSize64(static_cast<uint64_t>(int64_t{value}));
 }
 
 inline size_t CodedOutputStream::VarintSize32SignExtendedPlusOne(
     int32_t value) {
   return VarintSize64PlusOne(static_cast<uint64_t>(int64_t{value}));
 }
 #undef PROTOBUF_CODED_STREAM_H_PREFER_BSR
 
 inline void CodedOutputStream::WriteString(absl::string_view str) {
   WriteRaw(str.data(), static_cast<int>(str.size()));
 }
 
 inline void CodedOutputStream::WriteRawMaybeAliased(const void* data,
                                                     int size) {
   cur_ = impl_.WriteRawMaybeAliased(data, size, cur_);
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteRawToArray(const void* data, int size,
                                                    uint8_t* target) {
   memcpy(target, data, static_cast<unsigned int>(size));
   return target + size;
 }
 
 inline uint8_t* CodedOutputStream::WriteStringToArray(absl::string_view str,
                                                       uint8_t* target) {
   return WriteRawToArray(str.data(), static_cast<int>(str.size()), target);
 }
 
 }  // namespace io
 }  // namespace protobuf
 }  // namespace google
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1300 && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 #pragma runtime_checks("c", restore)
 #endif  // _MSC_VER && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 
 #include "google/protobuf/port_undef.inc"
 
 #endif  // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_IO_CODED_STREAM_H__

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