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 //----------------------------------*-C++-*----------------------------------//
 // Copyright 2021-2024 UT-Battelle, LLC, and other Celeritas developers.
 // See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 //! \file celeritas/em/interactor/LivermorePEInteractor.hh
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 #pragma once
 
 #include "corecel/Macros.hh"
 #include "corecel/Types.hh"
 #include "corecel/data/StackAllocator.hh"
 #include "corecel/math/Algorithms.hh"
 #include "corecel/math/ArrayUtils.hh"
 #include "celeritas/Quantities.hh"
 #include "celeritas/em/data/LivermorePEData.hh"
 #include "celeritas/em/xs/LivermorePEMicroXsCalculator.hh"
 #include "celeritas/grid/GenericCalculator.hh"
 #include "celeritas/grid/PolyEvaluator.hh"
 #include "celeritas/phys/CutoffView.hh"
 #include "celeritas/phys/Interaction.hh"
 #include "celeritas/phys/InteractionUtils.hh"
 #include "celeritas/phys/ParticleTrackView.hh"
 #include "celeritas/phys/Secondary.hh"
 
 #include "AtomicRelaxationHelper.hh"
 
 namespace celeritas
 {
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 /*!
  * Livermore model for the photoelectric effect.
  *
  * A parameterization of the photoelectric cross sections in two different
  * energy intervals, formulated as
  * \f[
  * \sigma(E)
      = a_1 / E + a_2 / E^2 + a_3 / E^3 + a_4 / E^4 + a_5 / E^5 + a_6 / E^6
      \: ,
  * \f]
  * is used. The coefficients for this model are calculated by fitting the
  * tabulated EPICS2014 subshell cross sections. The parameterized model applies
  * above approximately 5 keV; below  this limit (which depends on the atomic
  * number) the tabulated cross sections are used. The angle of the emitted
  * photoelectron is sampled from the Sauter-Gavrila distribution.
  *
  * \note This performs the same sampling routine as in Geant4's
  * G4LivermorePhotoElectricModel class, as documented in section 6.3.5 of the
  * Geant4 Physics Reference (release 10.6).
  */
 class LivermorePEInteractor
 {
   public:
     //!@{
     //! \name Type aliases
     using Energy = units::MevEnergy;
     //!@}
 
   public:
     // Construct with shared and state data
     inline CELER_FUNCTION
     LivermorePEInteractor(LivermorePERef const& shared,
                           AtomicRelaxationHelper const& relaxation,
                           ElementId el_id,
                           ParticleTrackView const& particle,
                           CutoffView const& cutoffs,
                           Real3 const& inc_direction,
                           StackAllocator<Secondary>& allocate);
 
     // Sample an interaction with the given RNG
     template<class Engine>
     inline CELER_FUNCTION Interaction operator()(Engine& rng);
 
   private:
     //// DATA ////
 
     // Shared constant physics properties
     LivermorePERef const& shared_;
     // Shared scratch space
     AtomicRelaxationHelper const& relaxation_;
     // Index in MaterialParams elements
     ElementId el_id_;
     // Production thresholds
     CutoffView const& cutoffs_;
     // Incident direction
     Real3 const& inc_direction_;
     // Incident gamma energy
     real_type const inc_energy_;
     // Allocate space for one or more secondary particles
     StackAllocator<Secondary>& allocate_;
     // Microscopic cross section calculator
     LivermorePEMicroXsCalculator calc_micro_xs_;
     // Reciprocal of the energy
     real_type inv_energy_;
 
     //// HELPER FUNCTIONS ////
 
     // Sample the atomic subshel
     template<class Engine>
     inline CELER_FUNCTION SubshellId sample_subshell(Engine& rng) const;
 
     // Sample the direction of the emitted photoelectron
     template<class Engine>
     inline CELER_FUNCTION Real3 sample_direction(Engine& rng) const;
 };
 
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 // INLINE DEFINITIONS
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 /*!
  * Construct with shared and state data.
  *
  * The incident particle must be above the energy threshold: this should be
  * handled in code *before* the interactor is constructed.
  */
 CELER_FUNCTION
 LivermorePEInteractor::LivermorePEInteractor(
     LivermorePERef const& shared,
     AtomicRelaxationHelper const& relaxation,
     ElementId el_id,
     ParticleTrackView const& particle,
     CutoffView const& cutoffs,
     Real3 const& inc_direction,
     StackAllocator<Secondary>& allocate)
     : shared_(shared)
     , relaxation_(relaxation)
     , el_id_(el_id)
     , cutoffs_(cutoffs)
     , inc_direction_(inc_direction)
     , inc_energy_(value_as<Energy>(particle.energy()))
     , allocate_(allocate)
     , calc_micro_xs_(shared, particle.energy())
 {
     CELER_EXPECT(particle.particle_id() == shared_.ids.gamma);
     CELER_EXPECT(inc_energy_ > 0);
 
     inv_energy_ = 1 / inc_energy_;
 }
 
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 /*!
  * Sample using the Livermore model for the photoelectric effect.
  */
 template<class Engine>
 CELER_FUNCTION Interaction LivermorePEInteractor::operator()(Engine& rng)
 {
     Span<Secondary> secondaries;
     size_type count = relaxation_ ? 1 + relaxation_.max_secondaries() : 1;
     if (Secondary* ptr = allocate_(count))
     {
         secondaries = {ptr, count};
     }
     else
     {
         // Failed to allocate space for secondaries
         return Interaction::from_failure();
     }
 
     // Sample atomic subshell
     SubshellId shell_id = this->sample_subshell(rng);
 
     // If the binding energy of the sampled shell is greater than the incident
     // photon energy, no secondaries are produced and the energy is deposited
     // locally.
     if (CELER_UNLIKELY(!shell_id))
     {
         Interaction result = Interaction::from_absorption();
         result.energy_deposition = Energy{inc_energy_};
         return result;
     }
 
     real_type binding_energy;
     {
         auto const& el = shared_.xs.elements[el_id_];
         auto const& shells = shared_.xs.shells[el.shells];
         binding_energy
             = value_as<Energy>(shells[shell_id.get()].binding_energy);
     }
 
     // Outgoing secondary is an electron
     CELER_ASSERT(!secondaries.empty());
     {
         Secondary& electron = secondaries.front();
         electron.particle_id = shared_.ids.electron;
 
         // Electron kinetic energy is the difference between the incident
         // photon energy and the binding energy of the shell
         electron.energy = Energy{inc_energy_ - binding_energy};
 
         // Direction of the emitted photoelectron is sampled from the
         // Sauter-Gavrila distribution
         electron.direction = this->sample_direction(rng);
     }
 
     // Construct interaction for change to primary (incident) particle
     Interaction result = Interaction::from_absorption();
     if (relaxation_)
     {
         // Sample secondaries from atomic relaxation, into all but the initial
         // secondary position
         AtomicRelaxation sample_relaxation = relaxation_.build_distribution(
             cutoffs_, shell_id, secondaries.subspan(1));
 
         auto outgoing = sample_relaxation(rng);
         secondaries = {secondaries.data(), 1 + outgoing.count};
 
         // The local energy deposition is the difference between the binding
         // energy of the vacancy subshell and the sum of the energies of any
         // secondaries created in atomic relaxation
         result.energy_deposition
             = Energy{binding_energy - value_as<Energy>(outgoing.energy)};
     }
     else
     {
         result.energy_deposition = Energy{binding_energy};
     }
     result.secondaries = secondaries;
 
     CELER_ENSURE(result.energy_deposition >= zero_quantity());
     return result;
 }
 
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 /*!
  * Sample the shell from which the photoelectron is emitted.
  */
 template<class Engine>
 CELER_FUNCTION SubshellId LivermorePEInteractor::sample_subshell(Engine& rng) const
 {
     LivermoreElement const& el = shared_.xs.elements[el_id_];
     auto const& shells = shared_.xs.shells[el.shells];
     size_type shell_id = 0;
 
     using Xs = Quantity<LivermoreSubshell::XsUnits>;
     real_type const cutoff = generate_canonical(rng)
                              * value_as<Xs>(calc_micro_xs_(el_id_));
     if (Energy{inc_energy_} < el.thresh_lo)
     {
         // Accumulate discrete PDF for tabulated shell cross sections
         //! \todo Rewrite using Selector with a remainder
         real_type xs = 0;
         real_type const inv_cube_energy = ipow<3>(inv_energy_);
         for (; shell_id < shells.size(); ++shell_id)
         {
             auto const& shell = shells[shell_id];
             if (Energy{inc_energy_} < shell.binding_energy)
             {
                 // No chance of interaction because binding energy is higher
                 // than incident
                 continue;
             }
 
             // Use the tabulated subshell cross sections
             GenericCalculator calc_xs(shell.xs, shared_.xs.reals);
             xs += inv_cube_energy * calc_xs(inc_energy_);
 
             if (xs > cutoff)
             {
                 break;
             }
         }
 
         if (CELER_UNLIKELY(shell_id == shells.size()))
         {
             // All shells are above incident energy (this can happen due to
             // a constant cross section below the lowest binding energy)
             return {};
         }
     }
     else
     {
         // Invert discrete CDF using a linear search. TODO: we could implement
         // an algorithm to encapsulate and later accelerate it.
 
         // Low/high index on params
         int const pidx = Energy{inc_energy_} < el.thresh_hi ? 0 : 1;
         size_type const shell_end = shells.size() - 1;
 
         for (; shell_id < shell_end; ++shell_id)
         {
             PolyEvaluator<real_type, 5> eval_poly(shells[shell_id].param[pidx]);
 
             // Calculate the *cumulative* subshell cross section (this plus all
             // below) from the fit parameters and energy as
             // \sigma(E) = a_1 / E + a_2 / E^2 + a_3 / E^3
             //             + a_4 / E^4 + a_5 / E^5 + a_6 / E^6.
             real_type xs = inv_energy_ * eval_poly(inv_energy_);
             if (xs > cutoff)
             {
                 break;
             }
         }
     }
 
     return SubshellId{shell_id};
 }
 
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 /*!
  * Sample a direction according to the Sauter-Gavrila distribution.
  *
  * \note The Sauter-Gavrila distribution for the K-shell is used to sample the
  * polar angle of a photoelectron. This performs the same sampling routine as
  * in Geant4's G4SauterGavrilaAngularDistribution class, as documented in
  * section 6.3.2 of the Geant4 Physics Reference (release 10.6) and section
  * 2.1.1.1 of the Penelope 2014 manual.
  */
 template<class Engine>
 CELER_FUNCTION Real3 LivermorePEInteractor::sample_direction(Engine& rng) const
 {
     constexpr units::MevEnergy min_energy{1.e-6};
     constexpr units::MevEnergy max_energy{100.};
 
     if (inc_energy_ > value_as<Energy>(max_energy))
     {
         // If the incident gamma energy is above 100 MeV, use the incident
         // gamma direction for the direction of the emitted photoelectron.
         return inc_direction_;
     }
     // If the incident energy is below 1 eV, set it to 1 eV.
     real_type energy_per_mecsq = max(value_as<Energy>(min_energy), inc_energy_)
                                  * shared_.inv_electron_mass;
 
     // Calculate Lorentz factors of the photoelectron
     real_type gamma = energy_per_mecsq + 1;
     real_type beta = std::sqrt(energy_per_mecsq * (gamma + 1)) / gamma;
     real_type a = (1 - beta) / beta;
 
     // Second term inside the brackets in Eq. 2.8 in the Penelope manual
     constexpr real_type half = 0.5;
     real_type b = half * beta * gamma * energy_per_mecsq * (gamma - 2);
 
     // Maximum of the rejection function g(1 - cos \theta) given in Eq. 2.8,
     // which is attained when 1 - cos \theta = 0
     real_type g_max = 2 * (1 / a + b);
 
     // Rejection loop: sample 1 - cos \theta
     real_type g;
     real_type nu;
     do
     {
         // Sample 1 - cos \theta from the distribution given in Eq. 2.9 using
         // the inverse function (Eq. 2.11)
         real_type u = generate_canonical(rng);
         nu = 2 * a * (2 * u + (a + 2) * std::sqrt(u))
              / (ipow<2>(a + 2) - 4 * u);
 
         // Calculate the rejection function (Eq 2.8) at the sampled value
         g = (2 - nu) * (1 / (a + nu) + b);
     } while (g < g_max * generate_canonical(rng));
 
     // Sample the azimuthal angle and calculate the direction of the
     // photoelectron
     return ExitingDirectionSampler{1 - nu, inc_direction_}(rng);
 }
 
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 }  // namespace celeritas

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