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 // -*- C++ -*-
 //
 // This file is part of YODA -- Yet more Objects for Data Analysis
 // Copyright (C) 2008-2025 The YODA collaboration (see AUTHORS for details)
 //
 #ifndef YODA_Bin_h
 #define YODA_Bin_h
 
 #include "YODA/Utils/BinUtils.h"
 #include "YODA/Utils/Traits.h"
 #include <iostream>
 
 namespace YODA {
 
 
   /// @brief Arithmetic wrapper to emulate inheritance from arithmetic types
   template <typename T>
   struct ArithmeticWrapper {
     /// @name Constructors
     /// @{
     ArithmeticWrapper() : _storedNumber(0) {}
 
     ArithmeticWrapper(T num) : _storedNumber(num) {}
     /// @}
 
     /// @name Arithmetic operators
     /// @{
 
     ArithmeticWrapper<T>& operator+=(T&& rhs) {
       _storedNumber += std::forward<T>(rhs);
       return *this;
     }
     ArithmeticWrapper<T>& operator-=(T&& rhs) {
       _storedNumber -= std::forward<T>(rhs);
       return *this;
     }
     ArithmeticWrapper<T>& operator/=(T&& rhs) {
       _storedNumber /= std::forward<T>(rhs);
       return *this;
     }
     ArithmeticWrapper<T>& operator*=(T&& rhs) {
       _storedNumber *= std::forward<T>(rhs);
       return *this;
     }
 
     /// @note Template to make enable_if work.
     template<typename RetT = ArithmeticWrapper<T>>
     auto operator%=(T&& rhs)
     -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value, RetT&> {
       _storedNumber %= std::forward<T>(rhs);
       return *this;
     }
     /// @}
 
     /// @brief Casts ArithmeticWrapper to the contained type.
     ///
     /// @note Used in arithmetic operators, so the default
     /// language arithmetic operators are used.
     operator T() { return _storedNumber; }
 
     /// @brief Casts ArithmeticWrapper to the contained type (const version).
     ///
     /// @note Used in raw() function of BinBase.
     operator const T&() const { return _storedNumber; }
 
     T _storedNumber;
   };
 
   /// @brief Bin base class consisting of mix of histogram bin content and
   /// space characteristics of this bin (widths, min, max, mid, etc...)
   ///
   /// @note Since the BinBase class inherits from the content of the
   /// histogram bin (to emulate its behavior), an arithmetic wrapper is
   /// introduced to inherit from arithmetic types (it's not possible to
   /// inherit from fundamental types by default).
   ///
   /// @note We use CRTP to introduce dimension-specific member functions
   /// like xWidth(), yMid() to avoid the user having to call
   /// e.g. bin(i).width<N>() or similar.
   template <typename T, typename BinningT>
   class BinBase : public std::conditional_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value,
                                             ArithmeticWrapper<T>, T> {
   protected:
 
     /// @name Utilities
     /// @{
     using isArithmetic = std::conditional_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value,
                                             std::true_type, std::false_type>;
 
     using BaseT = std::conditional_t<isArithmetic::value,
                                      ArithmeticWrapper<T>, T>;
 
     template <size_t axisNum>
     using axisEdgeT = typename BinningT::template getAxisT<axisNum>::EdgeT;
 
     /// @}
 
   public:
     /// @name Constructors
     /// @{
 
     // For self-consistency, the user should
     // always pass the parent binning!
     BinBase() = delete;
 
     // Default copy constructor for STL vector
     BinBase(const BinBase& rhs) = default;
 
     // Default move constructor for STL vector
     BinBase(BinBase&& rhs) = default;
 
 
     BinBase(size_t binIndex, const BinningT& binning)
         : _binIndex(binIndex), _binning(&binning) { }
 
     /// @brief Setting constructor
     BinBase(const T& storedVal, size_t binIndex, const BinningT& binning)
         : BaseT(storedVal), _binIndex(binIndex), _binning(&binning) { }
 
     BinBase(T&& storedVal, size_t binIndex, const BinningT& binning)
         : BaseT(std::move(storedVal)), _binIndex(binIndex), _binning(&binning) { }
 
     BinBase(const BinBase& other, const BinningT& binning)
         : BaseT(other), _binIndex(other._binIndex), _binning(&binning) { }
 
     /// @brief Assignment operator of an rvalue content type
     ///
     /// @note Cython is not a fan of perfect forwarding yet
     BinBase& operator=(BaseT&& rhs) noexcept {
       //BaseT::operator=(std::forward<BaseT>(rhs));
       BaseT::operator=(std::move(rhs));
       return *this;
     }
 
     /// @brief Assignment operator of a content type
     BinBase& operator=(const BaseT& rhs) noexcept {
       BaseT::operator=(rhs);
       return *this;
     }
 
     /// @brief Copy assignment operator
     ///
     /// @note _binIdx is not altered to keep correct indices while using
     /// std::vector<...>().erase() on _bins (bins storage).
     BinBase& operator=(const BinBase& rhs) noexcept {
       if (this != &rhs) {
         BaseT::operator=(rhs);
       }
       return *this;
     }
 
     /// @brief Move assignment operator
     ///
     /// @note _binIdx is not altered to keep correct indices while using
     /// std::vector<...>().erase() on _bins (bins storage).
     BinBase& operator=(BinBase&& rhs) noexcept {
       if (this != &rhs) {
         BaseT::operator=(std::move(rhs));
       }
       return *this;
     }
 
     /// @}
 
     /// @name Utility methods
     /// @{
 
     /// @brief return stored content
     const T& raw() const noexcept {
       return *this;
     }
 
     /// @brief return stored index
     size_t index() const noexcept {
       return _binIndex;
     }
 
     bool isMasked() const noexcept {
       return _binning->isMasked(_binIndex);
     }
 
     bool isVisible() const noexcept {
       return _binning->isVisible(_binIndex);
     }
 
     /// @}
 
     /// @name Bin space characteristics
     /// @{
 
     /// @brief Differential volume of this bin (i.e. product of bin widths)
     double dVol() const noexcept {
       return _binning->dVol(_binIndex);
     }
 
     /// @brief Width of this bin along a specific axis.
     ///
     /// @note Bin width is the projection of the
     /// bin surface (its area) along a specific axis.
     /// Therefore, "bin.width()" will not compile:
     /// it's not an intrinsic property of the bin.
     /// One should always specify *along which axis*.
     /// Convenient short-hands like bin.xWidth() etc.
     /// are being defined via CRTP Mixin, though.
     ///
     /// @note Only supported for continuous axes.
     template <size_t dimNum>
     enable_if_CAxisT<axisEdgeT<dimNum>> width() const noexcept {
       const auto& axis = _binning->template axis<dimNum>();
       size_t binIdx = _binning->globalToLocalIndices(_binIndex)[dimNum];
       return axis.width(binIdx);
     }
 
     /// @brief Maximum of this bin interval.
     ///
     /// @note Only supported for continuous axes.
     template <size_t dimNum>
     enable_if_CAxisT<axisEdgeT<dimNum>> max() const noexcept {
       const auto& axis = _binning->template axis<dimNum>();
       size_t binIdx = _binning->globalToLocalIndices(_binIndex)[dimNum];
       return axis.max(binIdx);
     }
 
     /// @brief Minimum of this bin interval.
     ///
     /// @note Only supported for continuous axes.
     template <size_t dimNum>
     enable_if_CAxisT<axisEdgeT<dimNum>> min() const noexcept {
       const auto& axis = _binning->template axis<dimNum>();
       size_t binIdx = _binning->globalToLocalIndices(_binIndex)[dimNum];
       return axis.min(binIdx);
     }
 
     /// @brief Middle of this bin interval.
     ///
     /// @note Only supported for continuous axes.
     template <size_t dimNum>
     enable_if_CAxisT<axisEdgeT<dimNum>> mid() const noexcept {
       const auto& axis = _binning->template axis<dimNum>();
       size_t binIdx = _binning->globalToLocalIndices(_binIndex)[dimNum];
       return axis.mid(binIdx);
     }
 
     /// @brief Edge of this bin.
     ///
     /// @note Only supported for discrete axes.
     template <size_t dimNum>
     enable_if_DAxisT<axisEdgeT<dimNum>> edge() const noexcept {
       const auto& axis = _binning->template axis<dimNum>();
       size_t binIdx = _binning->globalToLocalIndices(_binIndex)[dimNum];
       return axis.edge(binIdx);
     }
 
     /// @}
 
   protected:
 
     const size_t _binIndex;
 
     const BinningT* _binning;
   };
 
 
   /// @brief generic Bin version that derives from BinBase
   template <size_t N, typename T, typename BinningT>
   class Bin : public BinBase<T, BinningT> {
 
   protected:
 
     using BaseT = BinBase<T, BinningT>;
 
   public:
 
     using BaseT::BaseT;
     using BaseT::operator=;
 
     // For self-consistency, the user should
     // always pass the parent binning!
     Bin() = delete;
 
     /* This would have been a nice idea, except we cannot guarantee
       that the content type even has the concept of a value.
     double value(const bool divbyvol = false) const noexcept {
       const double scale = divbyvol? BaseT::dVol() : 1.0;
       if constexpr (hasFillDim<T>::value) {
         if constexpr (T::FillDim::value > N) {
           return BaseT::mean(T::FillDim::value) / scale;// profiles
         }
         return BaseT::sumW() / scale; // histograms
       }
       return BaseT::value() / scale; // other
     }
 
     /// @brief Error on the value of the bin
     double valueErr(const bool divbyvol = false) const noexcept {
       const double scale = divbyvol? BaseT::dVol() : 1.0;
       if constexpr (hasFillDim<T>::value) {
         if constexpr (T::FillDim::value > N) { // profiles
           return BaseT::stdErr(T::FillDim::value) / scale;
         }
         return BaseT::errW() / scale; // histograms
       }
       return BaseT::valueErr() / scale; // other
     }
 
     /// @brief Relative size of the bin error
     double relErr() const noexcept {
       return value()? valueErr() / value() : std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
     }
 
     /// @brief Density of the bin
     double density() const noexcept {
       return value() / BaseT::dVol();
     }
 
     /// @brief Error on the bin density
     double densityErr() const noexcept {
       return valueErr() / BaseT::dVol();
     }*/
 
   };
 
 
   /// @brief CRTP specialisation in 1D
   template<typename T, typename BinningT>
   class Bin<1, T, BinningT>
                : public BinBase<T, BinningT>,
                  public XBinMixin<Bin<1, T, BinningT>,
                                   typename BinningT::template getEdgeT<0>> {
   protected:
 
     using BaseT = BinBase<T, BinningT>;
 
     template <size_t axisNum>
     using axisEdgeT = typename BinningT::template getAxisT<axisNum>::EdgeT;
 
   public:
 
     using BaseT::BaseT;
     using BaseT::operator=;
 
     // For self-consistency, the user should
     // always pass the parent binning!
     Bin() = delete;
 
     /// @brief Differential length of this bin (i.e. the bin width)
     double dLen() const noexcept { return BaseT::dVol(); }
 
   };
 
 
   /// @brief CRTP specialisation in 2D
   template<typename T, typename BinningT>
   class Bin<2, T, BinningT>
                : public BinBase<T, BinningT>,
                  public XBinMixin<Bin<2, T, BinningT>,
                                   typename BinningT::template getEdgeT<0>>,
                  public YBinMixin<Bin<2, T, BinningT>,
                                   typename BinningT::template getEdgeT<1>> {
 
   protected:
 
     using BaseT = BinBase<T, BinningT>;
 
     template <size_t axisNum>
     using axisEdgeT = typename BinningT::template getAxisT<axisNum>::EdgeT;
 
   public:
 
     using BaseT::BaseT;
     using BaseT::operator=;
 
     // For self-consistency, the user should
     // always pass the parent binning!
     Bin() = delete;
 
     /// @brief Differential area of this bin (i.e. product of bin widths)
     double dArea() const noexcept { return BaseT::dVol(); }
 
   };
 
 
   /// @brief CRTP specialisation in 3D
   template<typename T, typename BinningT>
   class Bin<3, T, BinningT>
                : public BinBase<T, BinningT>,
                  public XBinMixin<Bin<3, T, BinningT>,
                                   typename BinningT::template getEdgeT<0>>,
                  public YBinMixin<Bin<3, T, BinningT>,
                                   typename BinningT::template getEdgeT<1>>,
                  public ZBinMixin<Bin<3, T, BinningT>,
                                   typename BinningT::template getEdgeT<2>> {
 
   protected:
 
     using BaseT = BinBase<T, BinningT>;
 
     template <size_t axisNum>
     using axisEdgeT = typename BinningT::template getAxisT<axisNum>::EdgeT;
 
   public:
 
     using BaseT::BaseT;
     using BaseT::operator=;
 
     // For self-consistency, the user should
     // always pass the parent binning!
     Bin() = delete;
 
   };
 
 }
 
 #endif

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