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 // Copyright (c) 2017-2023, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
 // under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
 // All rights reserved.
 //
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "Error.hpp"
 #include "Macros.hpp"
 #include "StringTools.hpp"
 #include "TypeTools.hpp"
 
 // [CLI11:public_includes:set]
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 // [CLI11:public_includes:end]
 
 // [CLI11:validators_hpp_filesystem:verbatim]
 
 // C standard library
 // Only needed for existence checking
 #if defined CLI11_CPP17 && defined __has_include && !defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM
 #if __has_include(<filesystem>)
 // Filesystem cannot be used if targeting macOS < 10.15
 #if defined __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED && __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < 101500
 #define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
 #elif defined(__wasi__)
 // As of wasi-sdk-14, filesystem is not implemented
 #define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
 #else
 #include <filesystem>
 #if defined __cpp_lib_filesystem && __cpp_lib_filesystem >= 201703
 #if defined _GLIBCXX_RELEASE && _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 9
 #define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 1
 #elif defined(__GLIBCXX__)
 // if we are using gcc and Version <9 default to no filesystem
 #define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
 #else
 #define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 1
 #endif
 #else
 #define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
 #endif
 #endif
 #endif
 #endif
 
 #if defined CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM && CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM > 0
 #include <filesystem>  // NOLINT(build/include)
 #else
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #endif
 
 // [CLI11:validators_hpp_filesystem:end]
 
 namespace CLI {
 // [CLI11:validators_hpp:verbatim]
 
 class Option;
 
 /// @defgroup validator_group Validators
 
 /// @brief Some validators that are provided
 ///
 /// These are simple `std::string(const std::string&)` validators that are useful. They return
 /// a string if the validation fails. A custom struct is provided, as well, with the same user
 /// semantics, but with the ability to provide a new type name.
 /// @{
 
 ///
 class Validator {
   protected:
     /// This is the description function, if empty the description_ will be used
     std::function<std::string()> desc_function_{[]() { return std::string{}; }};
 
     /// This is the base function that is to be called.
     /// Returns a string error message if validation fails.
     std::function<std::string(std::string &)> func_{[](std::string &) { return std::string{}; }};
     /// The name for search purposes of the Validator
     std::string name_{};
     /// A Validator will only apply to an indexed value (-1 is all elements)
     int application_index_ = -1;
     /// Enable for Validator to allow it to be disabled if need be
     bool active_{true};
     /// specify that a validator should not modify the input
     bool non_modifying_{false};
 
     Validator(std::string validator_desc, std::function<std::string(std::string &)> func)
         : desc_function_([validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; }), func_(std::move(func)) {}
 
   public:
     Validator() = default;
     /// Construct a Validator with just the description string
     explicit Validator(std::string validator_desc) : desc_function_([validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; }) {}
     /// Construct Validator from basic information
     Validator(std::function<std::string(std::string &)> op, std::string validator_desc, std::string validator_name = "")
         : desc_function_([validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; }), func_(std::move(op)),
           name_(std::move(validator_name)) {}
     /// Set the Validator operation function
     Validator &operation(std::function<std::string(std::string &)> op) {
         func_ = std::move(op);
         return *this;
     }
     /// This is the required operator for a Validator - provided to help
     /// users (CLI11 uses the member `func` directly)
     std::string operator()(std::string &str) const;
 
     /// This is the required operator for a Validator - provided to help
     /// users (CLI11 uses the member `func` directly)
     std::string operator()(const std::string &str) const {
         std::string value = str;
         return (active_) ? func_(value) : std::string{};
     }
 
     /// Specify the type string
     Validator &description(std::string validator_desc) {
         desc_function_ = [validator_desc]() { return validator_desc; };
         return *this;
     }
     /// Specify the type string
     CLI11_NODISCARD Validator description(std::string validator_desc) const;
 
     /// Generate type description information for the Validator
     CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_description() const {
         if(active_) {
             return desc_function_();
         }
         return std::string{};
     }
     /// Specify the type string
     Validator &name(std::string validator_name) {
         name_ = std::move(validator_name);
         return *this;
     }
     /// Specify the type string
     CLI11_NODISCARD Validator name(std::string validator_name) const {
         Validator newval(*this);
         newval.name_ = std::move(validator_name);
         return newval;
     }
     /// Get the name of the Validator
     CLI11_NODISCARD const std::string &get_name() const { return name_; }
     /// Specify whether the Validator is active or not
     Validator &active(bool active_val = true) {
         active_ = active_val;
         return *this;
     }
     /// Specify whether the Validator is active or not
     CLI11_NODISCARD Validator active(bool active_val = true) const {
         Validator newval(*this);
         newval.active_ = active_val;
         return newval;
     }
 
     /// Specify whether the Validator can be modifying or not
     Validator &non_modifying(bool no_modify = true) {
         non_modifying_ = no_modify;
         return *this;
     }
     /// Specify the application index of a validator
     Validator &application_index(int app_index) {
         application_index_ = app_index;
         return *this;
     }
     /// Specify the application index of a validator
     CLI11_NODISCARD Validator application_index(int app_index) const {
         Validator newval(*this);
         newval.application_index_ = app_index;
         return newval;
     }
     /// Get the current value of the application index
     CLI11_NODISCARD int get_application_index() const { return application_index_; }
     /// Get a boolean if the validator is active
     CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_active() const { return active_; }
 
     /// Get a boolean if the validator is allowed to modify the input returns true if it can modify the input
     CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_modifying() const { return !non_modifying_; }
 
     /// Combining validators is a new validator. Type comes from left validator if function, otherwise only set if the
     /// same.
     Validator operator&(const Validator &other) const;
 
     /// Combining validators is a new validator. Type comes from left validator if function, otherwise only set if the
     /// same.
     Validator operator|(const Validator &other) const;
 
     /// Create a validator that fails when a given validator succeeds
     Validator operator!() const;
 
   private:
     void _merge_description(const Validator &val1, const Validator &val2, const std::string &merger);
 };
 
 /// Class wrapping some of the accessors of Validator
 class CustomValidator : public Validator {
   public:
 };
 // The implementation of the built in validators is using the Validator class;
 // the user is only expected to use the const (static) versions (since there's no setup).
 // Therefore, this is in detail.
 namespace detail {
 
 /// CLI enumeration of different file types
 enum class path_type { nonexistent, file, directory };
 
 /// get the type of the path from a file name
 CLI11_INLINE path_type check_path(const char *file) noexcept;
 
 /// Check for an existing file (returns error message if check fails)
 class ExistingFileValidator : public Validator {
   public:
     ExistingFileValidator();
 };
 
 /// Check for an existing directory (returns error message if check fails)
 class ExistingDirectoryValidator : public Validator {
   public:
     ExistingDirectoryValidator();
 };
 
 /// Check for an existing path
 class ExistingPathValidator : public Validator {
   public:
     ExistingPathValidator();
 };
 
 /// Check for an non-existing path
 class NonexistentPathValidator : public Validator {
   public:
     NonexistentPathValidator();
 };
 
 /// Validate the given string is a legal ipv4 address
 class IPV4Validator : public Validator {
   public:
     IPV4Validator();
 };
 
 }  // namespace detail
 
 // Static is not needed here, because global const implies static.
 
 /// Check for existing file (returns error message if check fails)
 const detail::ExistingFileValidator ExistingFile;
 
 /// Check for an existing directory (returns error message if check fails)
 const detail::ExistingDirectoryValidator ExistingDirectory;
 
 /// Check for an existing path
 const detail::ExistingPathValidator ExistingPath;
 
 /// Check for an non-existing path
 const detail::NonexistentPathValidator NonexistentPath;
 
 /// Check for an IP4 address
 const detail::IPV4Validator ValidIPV4;
 
 /// Validate the input as a particular type
 template <typename DesiredType> class TypeValidator : public Validator {
   public:
     explicit TypeValidator(const std::string &validator_name)
         : Validator(validator_name, [](std::string &input_string) {
               using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
               auto val = DesiredType();
               if(!lexical_cast(input_string, val)) {
                   return std::string("Failed parsing ") + input_string + " as a " + detail::type_name<DesiredType>();
               }
               return std::string();
           }) {}
     TypeValidator() : TypeValidator(detail::type_name<DesiredType>()) {}
 };
 
 /// Check for a number
 const TypeValidator<double> Number("NUMBER");
 
 /// Modify a path if the file is a particular default location, can be used as Check or transform
 /// with the error return optionally disabled
 class FileOnDefaultPath : public Validator {
   public:
     explicit FileOnDefaultPath(std::string default_path, bool enableErrorReturn = true);
 };
 
 /// Produce a range (factory). Min and max are inclusive.
 class Range : public Validator {
   public:
     /// This produces a range with min and max inclusive.
     ///
     /// Note that the constructor is templated, but the struct is not, so C++17 is not
     /// needed to provide nice syntax for Range(a,b).
     template <typename T>
     Range(T min_val, T max_val, const std::string &validator_name = std::string{}) : Validator(validator_name) {
         if(validator_name.empty()) {
             std::stringstream out;
             out << detail::type_name<T>() << " in [" << min_val << " - " << max_val << "]";
             description(out.str());
         }
 
         func_ = [min_val, max_val](std::string &input) {
             using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
             T val;
             bool converted = lexical_cast(input, val);
             if((!converted) || (val < min_val || val > max_val)) {
                 std::stringstream out;
                 out << "Value " << input << " not in range [";
                 out << min_val << " - " << max_val << "]";
                 return out.str();
             }
             return std::string{};
         };
     }
 
     /// Range of one value is 0 to value
     template <typename T>
     explicit Range(T max_val, const std::string &validator_name = std::string{})
         : Range(static_cast<T>(0), max_val, validator_name) {}
 };
 
 /// Check for a non negative number
 const Range NonNegativeNumber((std::numeric_limits<double>::max)(), "NONNEGATIVE");
 
 /// Check for a positive valued number (val>0.0), <double>::min  here is the smallest positive number
 const Range PositiveNumber((std::numeric_limits<double>::min)(), (std::numeric_limits<double>::max)(), "POSITIVE");
 
 /// Produce a bounded range (factory). Min and max are inclusive.
 class Bound : public Validator {
   public:
     /// This bounds a value with min and max inclusive.
     ///
     /// Note that the constructor is templated, but the struct is not, so C++17 is not
     /// needed to provide nice syntax for Range(a,b).
     template <typename T> Bound(T min_val, T max_val) {
         std::stringstream out;
         out << detail::type_name<T>() << " bounded to [" << min_val << " - " << max_val << "]";
         description(out.str());
 
         func_ = [min_val, max_val](std::string &input) {
             using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
             T val;
             bool converted = lexical_cast(input, val);
             if(!converted) {
                 return std::string("Value ") + input + " could not be converted";
             }
             if(val < min_val)
                 input = detail::to_string(min_val);
             else if(val > max_val)
                 input = detail::to_string(max_val);
 
             return std::string{};
         };
     }
 
     /// Range of one value is 0 to value
     template <typename T> explicit Bound(T max_val) : Bound(static_cast<T>(0), max_val) {}
 };
 
 namespace detail {
 template <typename T,
           enable_if_t<is_copyable_ptr<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
 auto smart_deref(T value) -> decltype(*value) {
     return *value;
 }
 
 template <
     typename T,
     enable_if_t<!is_copyable_ptr<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
 typename std::remove_reference<T>::type &smart_deref(T &value) {
     return value;
 }
 /// Generate a string representation of a set
 template <typename T> std::string generate_set(const T &set) {
     using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;
     using iteration_type_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::value_type;  // the type of the object pair
     std::string out(1, '{');
     out.append(detail::join(
         detail::smart_deref(set),
         [](const iteration_type_t &v) { return detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(v); },
         ","));
     out.push_back('}');
     return out;
 }
 
 /// Generate a string representation of a map
 template <typename T> std::string generate_map(const T &map, bool key_only = false) {
     using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;
     using iteration_type_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::value_type;  // the type of the object pair
     std::string out(1, '{');
     out.append(detail::join(
         detail::smart_deref(map),
         [key_only](const iteration_type_t &v) {
             std::string res{detail::to_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(v))};
 
             if(!key_only) {
                 res.append("->");
                 res += detail::to_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(v));
             }
             return res;
         },
         ","));
     out.push_back('}');
     return out;
 }
 
 template <typename C, typename V> struct has_find {
     template <typename CC, typename VV>
     static auto test(int) -> decltype(std::declval<CC>().find(std::declval<VV>()), std::true_type());
     template <typename, typename> static auto test(...) -> decltype(std::false_type());
 
     static const auto value = decltype(test<C, V>(0))::value;
     using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>;
 };
 
 /// A search function
 template <typename T, typename V, enable_if_t<!has_find<T, V>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
 auto search(const T &set, const V &val) -> std::pair<bool, decltype(std::begin(detail::smart_deref(set)))> {
     using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;
     auto &setref = detail::smart_deref(set);
     auto it = std::find_if(std::begin(setref), std::end(setref), [&val](decltype(*std::begin(setref)) v) {
         return (detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(v) == val);
     });
     return {(it != std::end(setref)), it};
 }
 
 /// A search function that uses the built in find function
 template <typename T, typename V, enable_if_t<has_find<T, V>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
 auto search(const T &set, const V &val) -> std::pair<bool, decltype(std::begin(detail::smart_deref(set)))> {
     auto &setref = detail::smart_deref(set);
     auto it = setref.find(val);
     return {(it != std::end(setref)), it};
 }
 
 /// A search function with a filter function
 template <typename T, typename V>
 auto search(const T &set, const V &val, const std::function<V(V)> &filter_function)
     -> std::pair<bool, decltype(std::begin(detail::smart_deref(set)))> {
     using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;
     // do the potentially faster first search
     auto res = search(set, val);
     if((res.first) || (!(filter_function))) {
         return res;
     }
     // if we haven't found it do the longer linear search with all the element translations
     auto &setref = detail::smart_deref(set);
     auto it = std::find_if(std::begin(setref), std::end(setref), [&](decltype(*std::begin(setref)) v) {
         V a{detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(v)};
         a = filter_function(a);
         return (a == val);
     });
     return {(it != std::end(setref)), it};
 }
 
 // the following suggestion was made by Nikita Ofitserov(@himikof)
 // done in templates to prevent compiler warnings on negation of unsigned numbers
 
 /// Do a check for overflow on signed numbers
 template <typename T>
 inline typename std::enable_if<std::is_signed<T>::value, T>::type overflowCheck(const T &a, const T &b) {
     if((a > 0) == (b > 0)) {
         return ((std::numeric_limits<T>::max)() / (std::abs)(a) < (std::abs)(b));
     }
     return ((std::numeric_limits<T>::min)() / (std::abs)(a) > -(std::abs)(b));
 }
 /// Do a check for overflow on unsigned numbers
 template <typename T>
 inline typename std::enable_if<!std::is_signed<T>::value, T>::type overflowCheck(const T &a, const T &b) {
     return ((std::numeric_limits<T>::max)() / a < b);
 }
 
 /// Performs a *= b; if it doesn't cause integer overflow. Returns false otherwise.
 template <typename T> typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, bool>::type checked_multiply(T &a, T b) {
     if(a == 0 || b == 0 || a == 1 || b == 1) {
         a *= b;
         return true;
     }
     if(a == (std::numeric_limits<T>::min)() || b == (std::numeric_limits<T>::min)()) {
         return false;
     }
     if(overflowCheck(a, b)) {
         return false;
     }
     a *= b;
     return true;
 }
 
 /// Performs a *= b; if it doesn't equal infinity. Returns false otherwise.
 template <typename T>
 typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, bool>::type checked_multiply(T &a, T b) {
     T c = a * b;
     if(std::isinf(c) && !std::isinf(a) && !std::isinf(b)) {
         return false;
     }
     a = c;
     return true;
 }
 
 }  // namespace detail
 /// Verify items are in a set
 class IsMember : public Validator {
   public:
     using filter_fn_t = std::function<std::string(std::string)>;
 
     /// This allows in-place construction using an initializer list
     template <typename T, typename... Args>
     IsMember(std::initializer_list<T> values, Args &&...args)
         : IsMember(std::vector<T>(values), std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
 
     /// This checks to see if an item is in a set (empty function)
     template <typename T> explicit IsMember(T &&set) : IsMember(std::forward<T>(set), nullptr) {}
 
     /// This checks to see if an item is in a set: pointer or copy version. You can pass in a function that will filter
     /// both sides of the comparison before computing the comparison.
     template <typename T, typename F> explicit IsMember(T set, F filter_function) {
 
         // Get the type of the contained item - requires a container have ::value_type
         // if the type does not have first_type and second_type, these are both value_type
         using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;             // Removes (smart) pointers if needed
         using item_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first_type;  // Is value_type if not a map
 
         using local_item_t = typename IsMemberType<item_t>::type;  // This will convert bad types to good ones
                                                                    // (const char * to std::string)
 
         // Make a local copy of the filter function, using a std::function if not one already
         std::function<local_item_t(local_item_t)> filter_fn = filter_function;
 
         // This is the type name for help, it will take the current version of the set contents
         desc_function_ = [set]() { return detail::generate_set(detail::smart_deref(set)); };
 
         // This is the function that validates
         // It stores a copy of the set pointer-like, so shared_ptr will stay alive
         func_ = [set, filter_fn](std::string &input) {
             using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
             local_item_t b;
             if(!lexical_cast(input, b)) {
                 throw ValidationError(input);  // name is added later
             }
             if(filter_fn) {
                 b = filter_fn(b);
             }
             auto res = detail::search(set, b, filter_fn);
             if(res.first) {
                 // Make sure the version in the input string is identical to the one in the set
                 if(filter_fn) {
                     input = detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first(*(res.second)));
                 }
 
                 // Return empty error string (success)
                 return std::string{};
             }
 
             // If you reach this point, the result was not found
             return input + " not in " + detail::generate_set(detail::smart_deref(set));
         };
     }
 
     /// You can pass in as many filter functions as you like, they nest (string only currently)
     template <typename T, typename... Args>
     IsMember(T &&set, filter_fn_t filter_fn_1, filter_fn_t filter_fn_2, Args &&...other)
         : IsMember(
               std::forward<T>(set),
               [filter_fn_1, filter_fn_2](std::string a) { return filter_fn_2(filter_fn_1(a)); },
               other...) {}
 };
 
 /// definition of the default transformation object
 template <typename T> using TransformPairs = std::vector<std::pair<std::string, T>>;
 
 /// Translate named items to other or a value set
 class Transformer : public Validator {
   public:
     using filter_fn_t = std::function<std::string(std::string)>;
 
     /// This allows in-place construction
     template <typename... Args>
     Transformer(std::initializer_list<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> values, Args &&...args)
         : Transformer(TransformPairs<std::string>(values), std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
 
     /// direct map of std::string to std::string
     template <typename T> explicit Transformer(T &&mapping) : Transformer(std::forward<T>(mapping), nullptr) {}
 
     /// This checks to see if an item is in a set: pointer or copy version. You can pass in a function that will filter
     /// both sides of the comparison before computing the comparison.
     template <typename T, typename F> explicit Transformer(T mapping, F filter_function) {
 
         static_assert(detail::pair_adaptor<typename detail::element_type<T>::type>::value,
                       "mapping must produce value pairs");
         // Get the type of the contained item - requires a container have ::value_type
         // if the type does not have first_type and second_type, these are both value_type
         using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;             // Removes (smart) pointers if needed
         using item_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first_type;  // Is value_type if not a map
         using local_item_t = typename IsMemberType<item_t>::type;             // Will convert bad types to good ones
                                                                               // (const char * to std::string)
 
         // Make a local copy of the filter function, using a std::function if not one already
         std::function<local_item_t(local_item_t)> filter_fn = filter_function;
 
         // This is the type name for help, it will take the current version of the set contents
         desc_function_ = [mapping]() { return detail::generate_map(detail::smart_deref(mapping)); };
 
         func_ = [mapping, filter_fn](std::string &input) {
             using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
             local_item_t b;
             if(!lexical_cast(input, b)) {
                 return std::string();
                 // there is no possible way we can match anything in the mapping if we can't convert so just return
             }
             if(filter_fn) {
                 b = filter_fn(b);
             }
             auto res = detail::search(mapping, b, filter_fn);
             if(res.first) {
                 input = detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(*res.second));
             }
             return std::string{};
         };
     }
 
     /// You can pass in as many filter functions as you like, they nest
     template <typename T, typename... Args>
     Transformer(T &&mapping, filter_fn_t filter_fn_1, filter_fn_t filter_fn_2, Args &&...other)
         : Transformer(
               std::forward<T>(mapping),
               [filter_fn_1, filter_fn_2](std::string a) { return filter_fn_2(filter_fn_1(a)); },
               other...) {}
 };
 
 /// translate named items to other or a value set
 class CheckedTransformer : public Validator {
   public:
     using filter_fn_t = std::function<std::string(std::string)>;
 
     /// This allows in-place construction
     template <typename... Args>
     CheckedTransformer(std::initializer_list<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> values, Args &&...args)
         : CheckedTransformer(TransformPairs<std::string>(values), std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
 
     /// direct map of std::string to std::string
     template <typename T> explicit CheckedTransformer(T mapping) : CheckedTransformer(std::move(mapping), nullptr) {}
 
     /// This checks to see if an item is in a set: pointer or copy version. You can pass in a function that will filter
     /// both sides of the comparison before computing the comparison.
     template <typename T, typename F> explicit CheckedTransformer(T mapping, F filter_function) {
 
         static_assert(detail::pair_adaptor<typename detail::element_type<T>::type>::value,
                       "mapping must produce value pairs");
         // Get the type of the contained item - requires a container have ::value_type
         // if the type does not have first_type and second_type, these are both value_type
         using element_t = typename detail::element_type<T>::type;             // Removes (smart) pointers if needed
         using item_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::first_type;  // Is value_type if not a map
         using local_item_t = typename IsMemberType<item_t>::type;             // Will convert bad types to good ones
                                                                               // (const char * to std::string)
         using iteration_type_t = typename detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::value_type;  // the type of the object pair
 
         // Make a local copy of the filter function, using a std::function if not one already
         std::function<local_item_t(local_item_t)> filter_fn = filter_function;
 
         auto tfunc = [mapping]() {
             std::string out("value in ");
             out += detail::generate_map(detail::smart_deref(mapping)) + " OR {";
             out += detail::join(
                 detail::smart_deref(mapping),
                 [](const iteration_type_t &v) { return detail::to_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(v)); },
                 ",");
             out.push_back('}');
             return out;
         };
 
         desc_function_ = tfunc;
 
         func_ = [mapping, tfunc, filter_fn](std::string &input) {
             using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
             local_item_t b;
             bool converted = lexical_cast(input, b);
             if(converted) {
                 if(filter_fn) {
                     b = filter_fn(b);
                 }
                 auto res = detail::search(mapping, b, filter_fn);
                 if(res.first) {
                     input = detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(*res.second));
                     return std::string{};
                 }
             }
             for(const auto &v : detail::smart_deref(mapping)) {
                 auto output_string = detail::value_string(detail::pair_adaptor<element_t>::second(v));
                 if(output_string == input) {
                     return std::string();
                 }
             }
 
             return "Check " + input + " " + tfunc() + " FAILED";
         };
     }
 
     /// You can pass in as many filter functions as you like, they nest
     template <typename T, typename... Args>
     CheckedTransformer(T &&mapping, filter_fn_t filter_fn_1, filter_fn_t filter_fn_2, Args &&...other)
         : CheckedTransformer(
               std::forward<T>(mapping),
               [filter_fn_1, filter_fn_2](std::string a) { return filter_fn_2(filter_fn_1(a)); },
               other...) {}
 };
 
 /// Helper function to allow ignore_case to be passed to IsMember or Transform
 inline std::string ignore_case(std::string item) { return detail::to_lower(item); }
 
 /// Helper function to allow ignore_underscore to be passed to IsMember or Transform
 inline std::string ignore_underscore(std::string item) { return detail::remove_underscore(item); }
 
 /// Helper function to allow checks to ignore spaces to be passed to IsMember or Transform
 inline std::string ignore_space(std::string item) {
     item.erase(std::remove(std::begin(item), std::end(item), ' '), std::end(item));
     item.erase(std::remove(std::begin(item), std::end(item), '\t'), std::end(item));
     return item;
 }
 
 /// Multiply a number by a factor using given mapping.
 /// Can be used to write transforms for SIZE or DURATION inputs.
 ///
 /// Example:
 ///   With mapping = `{"b"->1, "kb"->1024, "mb"->1024*1024}`
 ///   one can recognize inputs like "100", "12kb", "100 MB",
 ///   that will be automatically transformed to 100, 14448, 104857600.
 ///
 /// Output number type matches the type in the provided mapping.
 /// Therefore, if it is required to interpret real inputs like "0.42 s",
 /// the mapping should be of a type <string, float> or <string, double>.
 class AsNumberWithUnit : public Validator {
   public:
     /// Adjust AsNumberWithUnit behavior.
     /// CASE_SENSITIVE/CASE_INSENSITIVE controls how units are matched.
     /// UNIT_OPTIONAL/UNIT_REQUIRED throws ValidationError
     ///   if UNIT_REQUIRED is set and unit literal is not found.
     enum Options {
         CASE_SENSITIVE = 0,
         CASE_INSENSITIVE = 1,
         UNIT_OPTIONAL = 0,
         UNIT_REQUIRED = 2,
         DEFAULT = CASE_INSENSITIVE | UNIT_OPTIONAL
     };
 
     template <typename Number>
     explicit AsNumberWithUnit(std::map<std::string, Number> mapping,
                               Options opts = DEFAULT,
                               const std::string &unit_name = "UNIT") {
         description(generate_description<Number>(unit_name, opts));
         validate_mapping(mapping, opts);
 
         // transform function
         func_ = [mapping, opts](std::string &input) -> std::string {
             Number num{};
 
             detail::rtrim(input);
             if(input.empty()) {
                 throw ValidationError("Input is empty");
             }
 
             // Find split position between number and prefix
             auto unit_begin = input.end();
             while(unit_begin > input.begin() && std::isalpha(*(unit_begin - 1), std::locale())) {
                 --unit_begin;
             }
 
             std::string unit{unit_begin, input.end()};
             input.resize(static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(input.begin(), unit_begin)));
             detail::trim(input);
 
             if(opts & UNIT_REQUIRED && unit.empty()) {
                 throw ValidationError("Missing mandatory unit");
             }
             if(opts & CASE_INSENSITIVE) {
                 unit = detail::to_lower(unit);
             }
             if(unit.empty()) {
                 using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
                 if(!lexical_cast(input, num)) {
                     throw ValidationError(std::string("Value ") + input + " could not be converted to " +
                                           detail::type_name<Number>());
                 }
                 // No need to modify input if no unit passed
                 return {};
             }
 
             // find corresponding factor
             auto it = mapping.find(unit);
             if(it == mapping.end()) {
                 throw ValidationError(unit +
                                       " unit not recognized. "
                                       "Allowed values: " +
                                       detail::generate_map(mapping, true));
             }
 
             if(!input.empty()) {
                 using CLI::detail::lexical_cast;
                 bool converted = lexical_cast(input, num);
                 if(!converted) {
                     throw ValidationError(std::string("Value ") + input + " could not be converted to " +
                                           detail::type_name<Number>());
                 }
                 // perform safe multiplication
                 bool ok = detail::checked_multiply(num, it->second);
                 if(!ok) {
                     throw ValidationError(detail::to_string(num) + " multiplied by " + unit +
                                           " factor would cause number overflow. Use smaller value.");
                 }
             } else {
                 num = static_cast<Number>(it->second);
             }
 
             input = detail::to_string(num);
 
             return {};
         };
     }
 
   private:
     /// Check that mapping contains valid units.
     /// Update mapping for CASE_INSENSITIVE mode.
     template <typename Number> static void validate_mapping(std::map<std::string, Number> &mapping, Options opts) {
         for(auto &kv : mapping) {
             if(kv.first.empty()) {
                 throw ValidationError("Unit must not be empty.");
             }
             if(!detail::isalpha(kv.first)) {
                 throw ValidationError("Unit must contain only letters.");
             }
         }
 
         // make all units lowercase if CASE_INSENSITIVE
         if(opts & CASE_INSENSITIVE) {
             std::map<std::string, Number> lower_mapping;
             for(auto &kv : mapping) {
                 auto s = detail::to_lower(kv.first);
                 if(lower_mapping.count(s)) {
                     throw ValidationError(std::string("Several matching lowercase unit representations are found: ") +
                                           s);
                 }
                 lower_mapping[detail::to_lower(kv.first)] = kv.second;
             }
             mapping = std::move(lower_mapping);
         }
     }
 
     /// Generate description like this: NUMBER [UNIT]
     template <typename Number> static std::string generate_description(const std::string &name, Options opts) {
         std::stringstream out;
         out << detail::type_name<Number>() << ' ';
         if(opts & UNIT_REQUIRED) {
             out << name;
         } else {
             out << '[' << name << ']';
         }
         return out.str();
     }
 };
 
 inline AsNumberWithUnit::Options operator|(const AsNumberWithUnit::Options &a, const AsNumberWithUnit::Options &b) {
     return static_cast<AsNumberWithUnit::Options>(static_cast<int>(a) | static_cast<int>(b));
 }
 
 /// Converts a human-readable size string (with unit literal) to uin64_t size.
 /// Example:
 ///   "100" => 100
 ///   "1 b" => 100
 ///   "10Kb" => 10240 // you can configure this to be interpreted as kilobyte (*1000) or kibibyte (*1024)
 ///   "10 KB" => 10240
 ///   "10 kb" => 10240
 ///   "10 kib" => 10240 // *i, *ib are always interpreted as *bibyte (*1024)
 ///   "10kb" => 10240
 ///   "2 MB" => 2097152
 ///   "2 EiB" => 2^61 // Units up to exibyte are supported
 class AsSizeValue : public AsNumberWithUnit {
   public:
     using result_t = std::uint64_t;
 
     /// If kb_is_1000 is true,
     /// interpret 'kb', 'k' as 1000 and 'kib', 'ki' as 1024
     /// (same applies to higher order units as well).
     /// Otherwise, interpret all literals as factors of 1024.
     /// The first option is formally correct, but
     /// the second interpretation is more wide-spread
     /// (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix).
     explicit AsSizeValue(bool kb_is_1000);
 
   private:
     /// Get <size unit, factor> mapping
     static std::map<std::string, result_t> init_mapping(bool kb_is_1000);
 
     /// Cache calculated mapping
     static std::map<std::string, result_t> get_mapping(bool kb_is_1000);
 };
 
 namespace detail {
 /// Split a string into a program name and command line arguments
 /// the string is assumed to contain a file name followed by other arguments
 /// the return value contains is a pair with the first argument containing the program name and the second
 /// everything else.
 CLI11_INLINE std::pair<std::string, std::string> split_program_name(std::string commandline);
 
 }  // namespace detail
 /// @}
 
 // [CLI11:validators_hpp:end]
 }  // namespace CLI
 
 #ifndef CLI11_COMPILE
 #include "impl/Validators_inl.hpp"
 #endif

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