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0001  -------------------------------------------------------------------
0002 
0003       =========================================================
0004       Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
0005       =========================================================
0006 
0007                              UHDR (Ultra High Dose Rate)
0008                              --------------------------
0009  This example is provided by the Geant4-DNA collaboration
0010  (http://geant4-dna.org).
0011 
0012  Any report or published results obtained using the Geant4-DNA software
0013  shall cite the following Geant4-DNA collaboration publications:
0014  Med. Phys. 45 (2018) e722-e739
0015  Phys. Med. 31 (2015) 861-874
0016  Med. Phys. 37 (2010) 4692-4708
0017  Int. J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput. 1 (2010) 157–178
0018 
0019   0 - INTRODUCTION
0020 
0021      This example shows how to activate the mesoscopic model in chemistry and
0022      combine with IRT-syn model (https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.11993).
0023      It allows to simulate chemical reactions longtime (beyond 1 us) of post-irradiation
0024      under different dose rates.
0025 
0026      To run the example:
0027        mkdir UHDR-build
0028        cd UHDR-build
0029        cmake ../pathToExamples/UHDR
0030        make
0031 
0032        To visualize (only for physical stage)
0033        ./UHDR
0034 
0035        In batch mode, the macro beam.in can be used as follows:
0036          ./UHDR UHDR.in
0037          or
0038          ./UHDR UHDR.in 123
0039         # 123 is the user's seed number
0040 
0041   1 - GEOMETRY DEFINITION
0042 
0043      The world volume is a simple water box 3.2 x 3.2 x 3.2 um3 for 0.01 Gy of cut-off
0044      absorbed dose and 1.6 x 1.6 x 1.6 um3 for 1 Gy. This example is limited to these geometries.
0045      The choice of simulation volume is a compromise between a sufficient number of chemical species a
0046      nd an achievable computation time.
0047 
0048      Two parameters define the geometry :
0049      - the material of the box for the physical stage is water.
0050      - for the chemistry stage, the concentration of scavengers in [mole/l]
0051        is added. This concentration is supposed to have no effect on the
0052        physical stage. pH is defined as scavengers of H3O^1, OH^-1.
0053        In this example, we consider that chemical molecules diffuse and react in a
0054        bounded volume (that is, limited by geometrical boundaries) which is also
0055        the irradiated water box volume of the physical stage.
0056        The bouncing of chemical molecules on the volume border is applied
0057        for both SBS and mesoscopic models.
0058        The bouncing is not applied for physical stage.
0059 
0060   2 - PHYSICS LIST
0061 
0062      PhysicsList is Geant4 modular physics list using G4EmDNAPhysics_option2
0063      and EmDNAChemistry constructors (the chemistry constructor uses the
0064      Step-by-step method).
0065 
0066   3 - CHEMISTRY WORLD
0067 
0068      This object is controlled by DetectorContruction. It defines the chemistry volume,
0069      scavengers and pH of water.
0070 
0071      This fearture can be set by the following commands:
0072      # pH and Scavenger
0073      /UHDR/env/pH 5.5
0074 
0075      # air concentration
0076      /UHDR/env/scavenger O2 21 %
0077      /UHDR/env/scavenger CO2 0.041 %
0078      /UHDR/env/scavenger HCO3m 2.4 uM
0079 
0080 
0081   4 - AN EVENT: THE PRIMARY GENERATOR
0082 
0083     This example utilizes the G4SingleParticleSource.
0084     Each event consists of multiple incident particles.
0085     A large number has been chosen to ensure that the stack remains non-empty until the desired
0086     energy deposition is achieved (which is then converted to a cutoff dose).
0087     With each /run/beamOn command, a group of particles is emitted. The cutoff dose
0088     (dose threshold) determined by users.
0089     The actual dose is calculated based on the real energy deposited in the volume.
0090 
0091   5 - DETECTOR RESPONSE: Scorer
0092 
0093      There is one G4MultiFunctionalDetector object which computes the
0094      energy deposition and the number of species along time in order to
0095      extract the G-value:
0096      (Number of species X) / (100 eV of deposited energy).
0097 
0098      These two macro commands can be used to control the scoring time:
0099        /scorer/species/addTimeToRecord 1 ps
0100        # user can select time bin to score G values.
0101        /scorer/species/nOfTimeBins
0102        # or user can automatically select time bin logarithmically.
0103 
0104 
0105   6 - PULSE ACTION and INTERPULSE ACTION
0106 
0107     The time structure can be activated by implementing a delayed time, Δt,
0108     which is sampled from a beamline raw signal of a measured pulse.
0109     Each delayed time is associated with a primary particle and propagates to its corresponding
0110     primary chemical species induced by this primary particle.
0111     These primary chemical species remain inactive until the virtual simulation time matches
0112     their respective delayed time. This process creates a duration for the primary particle train
0113     where their primary chemical species are activated randomly through an experimental beam
0114     current transformation, named "pulse duration".
0115 
0116     This fearture can be set by the following commands:
0117     # time structure
0118     /UHDR/pulse/pulseOn true // active the time structure
0119     # push structure file
0120     /UHDR/pulse/pulseFile 1.4us // push structure file
0121 
0122     # pulse structure
0123     /UHDR/pulse/multiPulse true // active the multi pulse
0124     /UHDR/pulse/pulsePeriod 10 ms // time between two pulses (DIT)
0125     /UHDR/pulse/numberOfPulse 2 // number of pulses
0126 
0127 
0128   7 - OUTPUT
0129 
0130      G-value
0131 
0132   8 - RELEVANT MACRO COMMANDS AND MACRO FILE
0133 
0134     The user macro files are:
0135     beam.in (default),
0136     CONV.in (Conventional)
0137     UHDR.in (Ultra High Dose Rate)
0138     initialize.in (initialize geo and phys)
0139     scavengers.in (pH and scavengers are defined)
0140 
0141   9 - REACTION BUILDER
0142 
0143      Reaction lists are collected by builders for specific applications.
0144      ChemNO2_NO3ScavengerBuilder is to build the reaction list with NO2-/NO3-.
0145      ChemPureWaterBuilder is to build the reaction list with pH.
0146      ChemOxygenWaterBuilder is to build the reaction list with ROS.
0147      ChemFrickeReactionBuilder is to build the reaction list of Fricke Dosimeter.
0148 
0149   10 - PLOT
0150 
0151     The information about all the molecular species is scored in a ROOT
0152     (https://root.cern) ntuple file Dose_xxx.root (xxx is seed number).
0153     The ROOT program plot_time
0154     can be used to plot the G values vs time for each species.
0155 
0156      Execute plot_time as:
0157 
0158      root plot_time.C
0159 
0160 
0161      or print G values to scorer.txt
0162 
0163      root plot_time.C > scorer.txt
0164 
0165 
0166     The results show the molecular species (G values) as a function of
0167     time (ns).
0168 
0169   11 - Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC)
0170 
0171     The Periodic Boundary Condition is implemented based on https://github.com/amentumspace/g4pbc
0172     to calculate microdosimetry. The periodic boundary condition (PBC) is used to simulate the
0173     behavior of secondary electrons during the physical stage.
0174     When an electron exits an edge of a cubic volume, it re-enters from the opposite edge.
0175     The PBC helps reduce the edge effects in dose calculations for micrometer-sized volumes
0176 
0177 
0178     The PBC requires a maximum dose (xxx) to abort the event. This to avoid the high energy of
0179     secondary electrons deposit a large energy inside the micro volume.
0180 
0181     /scorer/Dose/abortedDose xxx Gy
0182 
0183     Use the following command to activate or deactivate PBC.
0184 
0185     /UHDR/Detector/PBC true
0186 
0187  Contact: H. Tran (tran@lp2ib.in2p3.fr)
0188  CNRS, lp2i, UMR 5797, Université de Bordeaux, F-33170 Gradignan, France