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      =========================================================
      Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
      =========================================================
 
                        eROSITA fluorescence
                        --------------------
 
 Authors:
 
 Dieter Schlosser (pnSensor, Munich), 
 Georg Weidenspointner (MPE Garching and MPI Halbleiterlabor, Munich),
 Maria Grazia Pia (INFN Genova)
 Francesco Longo (INFN Trieste)
 Andrea Polsini (Università degli Studi di Trieste)
 
 Main references:
 
 M. G. Pia et al., 2009, "PIXE Simulation With Geant4", 
 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 3614-3649
 
 N. Meidinger et al., 2010, "Development of the focal plane PNCCD
 camera system for the X-ray space telescope eROSITA", Nuclear
 Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 624, 321-329
 
 Web site:
 
 http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/physics/pixe/erosita.html
 
 Contact person:
 Francesco Longo, francesco.longo@ts.infn.it
 
 ---- OVERVIEW ----
 
 This example demonstrates:
 - the generation of XRF and PIXE,
 - how to use different physics processes from those encompassed in the 
 Geant4 toolkit in a simulation application.
 
 The examples/advanced/eRosita/application directory contains files pertinent 
 to the experimental simulation model.
 
 The physics capabilities and validation of the physics processes used in this example
 are documented in the PHYSICS REFERENCES section below.
 
 ---- EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION ----
 
 This is example is based on simulations of the instrumental background
 of the eROSITA X-ray telescope, in particular the strength of
 fluorescence lines inside the passive graded Z shield. The set-up
 considered in this example consists of a Cu block that is irradiated
 with protons. Impact ionization of Cu atoms generates vacancies in
 atomic shells. These are then filled by atomic de-excitation,
 resulting in the emission of fluorescence photons and Auger electrons
 - the PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission) process. In particular
 fluorescence photons are then detected with a Si CCD positioned next to
 the Cu block. 
 
 The simulated set-up is defined in eRositaDetectorConstruction.
 The Cu block is located at position x = y = z = 0 cm. Its dimensions
 in x, y, and z are 0.5 cm * 0.5 cm * 3 cm. The CCD, represented by a
 slab of Si, is positioned at x = z = 0 cm and y = 2 cm. The CCD dimensions
 in x, y, z and are 4 cm * 450 mu_m * 4 cm.
 
 The vertex and initial momenta of the protons are defined in
 eRositaPrimaryGeneratorAction. The vertex is at x = 0 cm, y = 2.25
 cm, and z = 4 cm. The initial direction of the protons is given by the
 vector (0.0, -0.5, -1.0). The initial kinetic energy of the protons is
 150 MeV.
 
 The physics processes relevant to this simulation are defined in
 eRositaPhysicsList. The key process for generation of PIXE is
 G4hImpactIonisation. In the example, proton cross sections based on
 the ECPSSR model are used. Cross sections are computed for an energy
 range from 1 keV to 200 MeV. The energy thresholds for the production
 of fluorescence photons and Auger electrons by PIXE are set to a value
 of 250 eV.
 
 The output of the example is an ASCII file named
 TrackerPhotonEnergy.out. It contains the energy, in MeV, of every
 photon that finds its way to the tracker (or which is created as a
 secondary inside the tracker). If the batch mode example is run, the
 entries 0.00798467, 0.00800571, and 0.00886534 correspond to Cu
 fluorescence lines K_alpha2, K_alpha1, and K_beta1,
 respectively. Other photons originate e.g. from bremsstrahlung of
 delta rays in Cu. A histogram of the energies in
 TrackerPhotonEnergy.out, in particular if generated for more protons,
 clearly shows the PIXE photons from Cu on top of a continuous
 distribution.
 
 
 Instructions on how to build and run the example:
 
 - To compile the example:
   % cd eRosita
   % make
   If the environment variable G4WORKDIR and has been defined, an executable
   named eRosita will be generated in $G4WORKDIR/bin/$G4SYSTEM
 
 - To run the example:
 
   Do not forget to define the G4PIIDATA environment variable as appropriate
   to get access to the PIXE data library (e.g. G4PII1.1)
   
   + To run without visualisation (batch mode):
 
     Go to $G4WORKDIR/bin/$G4SYSTEM
     Copy the file eRosita/eRosita.in to this directory. 
     The input file eRosita.in defines a simulation with 1000 protons 
     of energy 100 MeV.
     Start the simulation with: eRosita eRosita.in > eRosita.out
 
     The resulting files eRosita.out and the ASCII output file 
     TrackerPhotonEnergy.out are included in the example. Format
     and content of the output file are described below.
 
   + To run with visualisation:
   
     Go to $G4WORKDIR/bin/$G4SYSTEM
     Copy eRosita/vis.mac to this directory.
     The macro file vis.mac calls the DAWN visualization driver to
     display the simulation of 100 protons with energy 100 MeV.
 
     An ASCII output file TrackerPhotonEnergy.out is created. However,
     this file may be empty in case the first 100 protons do not 
     produce any fluorescence photons that reach the tracker.
 
 
 ---- PHYSICS REFERENCES ----
 
 M. G. Pia et al., 
 PIXE Simulation With Geant4, 
 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 3614-3649, 2009.
 
 A. Lechner, M. G. Pia, M. Sudhakar,
 Validation of Geant4 low energy electromagnetic processes against precision measurements of electron energy deposit,
 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 398-416, 2009.
 
 K. Amako et al.,
 Comparison of Geant4 electromagnetic physics models against the NIST reference data, 
 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 910-918, 2005.
 
 S. Guatelli, A. Mantero, B. Mascialino, P. Nieminen, M. G. Pia, 
 Geant4 Atomic Relaxation, 
 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.,  vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 585-593, 2007.
 
 M. G. Pia, P. Saracco, M. Sudhakar,
 Validation of radiative transition probability calculations,  
 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.,  vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 3650-3661, 2009.
 
 S. Guatelli, A. Mantero, B. Mascialino, P. Nieminen, M. G. Pia, V. Zampichelli, 
 Validation of Geant4 Atomic Relaxation against the NIST Physical Reference Data,  
 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.,  vol. 54, no. 3,  pp. 594-603, 2007.
 
 L. Peralta et al.,
 A new low-energy bremsstrahlung generator for GEANT4,
 Radiat. Prot. Dosim., vol. 116, no. 1-4, pp. 59-64, 2005.
 
 F. Longo et al.,  
 New Geant4 Developments for Doppler Broadening Simulation in Compton Scattering - Development of Charge Transfer Simulation Models in Geant4,  
 Proc. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Dresden, 2008. 
 
 S. Chauvie et al.,  
 Validation of the Bremsstrahlung Models of Geant4,
 Proc. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, 2006. 
 
 S. Chauvie et al.,
 Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics, 
 The Monte Carlo Method: Versatility Unbounded in a Dynamic Computing World, American Nucl. Soc., LaGrange Park, IL, 2005.
 
 S. Chauvie et al.,
 Geant4 low energy electromagnetic physics, 
 Proc.Nuclear Science Symposium, 2004.  
 
 S. Chauvie et al.,
 Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics,  
 Proc. CHEP 2001.
 
 J. Apostolakis, S. Giani, M. Maire, P. Nieminen, M. G. Pia, L. Urban, 
 Geant4 low energy electromagnetic models for electrons and photons  
 CERN-OPEN-99-034 and INFN/AE-99/18, 1999.
 
 Further references are listed in http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/papers/,
 that also documents recent developments intended for future improvements 
 to Geant4, and their validation.

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