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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
Examples module
This module collects three sets of user examples aimed to demonstrate to the user how to make correct use of the GEANT4 toolkit by implementing in a correct way those user-classes which the user is supposed to customize in order to define his/her own simulation setup.

SEE ALSO: README

Geant4 - ULTRA-based air shower example
README
----> Introduction.
The ULTRA detector is a hybrid 2-component system consisting of:

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
amsEcal
1- GEOMETRY DEFINITION
AMS Ecal calorimeter is described in the joined documument : ams_ecal.pdf

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Geant4 - Brachytherapy example
README
The brachytherapy example is currently maintained and upgraded by Susanna Guatelli (1), Albert Le (1) and Dean Cutajar (1), with the support of Luciano Pandola (2)
1. Centre For Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia. 2. LNS, INFN, Catania, Italy.

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Geant4 - Cexmc advanced example
README
Author: A. Radkov (alexey.radkov@gmail.com)
------> Introduction

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Geant4 - Composite calorimeter example
README
CompositeCalorimeter is an example of a test-beam simulation used by the CMS Collaboration to validate Geant4 against real data taken (in 1996) in a CMS Hadron calorimeter test-beam. The name "Composite" for this example emphasizes that, although the test-beam had the goal of studying the hadronic calorimeter response, part of the data was taken with the presence of the electromagnetic crystal calorimeter in front of the hadronic calorimeter, to better reproduce the situation as in the real CMS experiment. The geometry of the simulation has been setup in such a way to allow very easily, at run time (therefore without need of changing any code; see below for the details) the inclusion or exclusion of the electromagnetic calorimeter part. Although some important aspects, for a detailed comparison between test-beam data and simulation, like beam profile, noise, and digitization, have been omitted here (to avoid too many technical details), nevertheless, this example is able to reproduce the main features of most of the relevant observables as measured in the real test-beam. The output of this example consists of a set of histograms and one ntuple which are stored on a ROOT file (default). In our opinion, the most original "lesson" which is offered by this advanced example for the Geant4 user is to show how the Geometry and the Sensitive/Hit part of the simulation is treated in a big experiment. Although the details of how this is done vary from experiment to experiment (it is worth, for instance, to compare with the Atlas-based advanced example lAr_calorimeter), the main driving needs and goals are quite general: to have consistency, but avoiding duplications and couplings as much as possibile, between Simulation, Reconstruction, and Visualization. Notice that the solution offered in this example by CMS could appear "overdone" for the sake of simulating only a relatively simple test-beam setup; but it should be kept in mind that the same approach is used also for the full CMS detector simulation, as well as for any subdetector.

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---------------Geant4 doiPET example
Author list to be updated, with names of co-authors and contributors from National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS)
Abdella M. Ahmed (1, 2), Andrew Chacon (1, 2), Harley Rutherford (1, 2), Hideaki Tashima (3), Go Akamatsu (3), Akram Mohammadi (3), Eiji Yoshida (3), Taiga Yamaya (3) Susanna Guatelli (2), and Mitra Safavi-Naeini (1, 2)
*Corresponding authors e-mail: abdella.ahmed@health.nsw.gov.au mitras@ansto.gov.au susanna@uow.edu.au
(1) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australia (2) University of Wollongong, Australia (3) National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan
Introduction:
This example simulates depth-of-interaction (doi) enabled positron emission tomography (PET) scanner and NEMA NU phantoms.The example can be executed in a multithreading mode. Some realistic approches of identifying crystal ID are presented.
- The center of mass of the position of interaction is identified based on energy weighting
* Note: the following steps are performed if the option for AngerLogic is enabled (ApplyAngerLogic: true) in the inputParameter.txt - Four ideal photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are placed at each corner of the crystal block - Perform Anger type calculation method to identify the position of interaction in 2D based - Shift the position response based on the reflector pattern - DOI is identified by using a look-up-table and - Crystal ID in 3D is determined
The above steps are illustrated figuratively in the supplementary document.
1-Geometry and Phantoms
The detector construction has two main parts: constructing the PET system and placing the phantoms.
The PET system is constructed from depth-of-interaction (DOI)detectors blocks. Each detector consisted of 16 x 16 x 4 crystal array constructed from GSO scintillation material. Materials are defined in the DefineMaterials() using Geant4 NIST database. The geometrical specifications are given (and can be changed) in the GlobalParameters.hh file.
The scanner has 4 ring detectors. The detectors are covered with Aluminum material. Gaps between crystal elements, as well as adjacent rings are introduced.
Various types of NEMA NU phantoms has been provided and are defined in the ConstructPhantom() method. To precisely create the image quality phantom, the G4UnionSolid from the Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) has been used. The type, position and size of the phantoms can be changed using the macro file when necessary. A macro file is provided for each type of phantom imaging. For example, to run the simulation with image quality phantom, the run_imageQualityPhantom_wholeBody.mac should be used.
2- PHYSICS LIST
The physics list contains standard electromagnetic processes and the radioactiveDecay module for GenericIon. It is defined in the PhysicsList class as a Geant4 modular physics list with registered physics builders provided in Geant4: - G4DecayPhysics - defines all particles and their decay processes - G4RadioactiveDecayPhysics - defines radioactiveDecay for GenericIon - G4EmStandardPhysics_option3 - defines EM standard processes
3- ACTION INITALIZATION
The ActionInitialization class instantiates and registers to Geant4 kernel all user action classes by invoking the ActionInitialization::Build().
4- PRIMARY GENERATOR
The default particle beam is F-18 ion at rest defined in the GPS (General Particle Source). The GPS is used for all types of activity distribution. Various macro files are provided with the name appended on it for specific simulation. The following macro files are provided:
run_imageQualityPhantom_wholeBody.mac run_imageQualityPhantom_smallAnimal.mac run_NECR.mac run_sensitivity.mac run_spatialResolution.mac run_normalization.mac (This one is not given in the NEMA NU manual but it is an important part of image reconstruction)
5-EVENT ACTION
At the end of each event, the information is extracted by calling FindInteractingCrystal() function and associative container (multimap and set methods) and the containers are cleared by calling the Clear() function.
6- STEPPING ACTION
The SteppingAction class is the one which is used to track the steps. In the stepping action, interaction information of the photon with the crystal and the phantoms are extracted. The interaction information (such as energy deposition, blockID, crystalID, etc) is passed into the Analysis.cc class, which outputs the result into an ASCII file.
Generation of the source (F-18 ion) is confined in the physical volume by killing the event in the SteppingAction class when it is out of the physical volume.
7-ANALYSIS
In the doiPETAnalysis class, several realistic parameters are provided. Deadtime of the detector and/or module, efficiency of the detector, crystal dependent energy resoltion, etc are provided. The parameters can be changed in the inputparameters.txt file.
***** Geant4 ROOT ANALYSIS /Path/doiPET/build/ and type: cmake -DWITH_ANALYSIS_USE=ON -DGeant4_DIR=/path/to/geant4_install_dir ../
***** How to run a simulation:
Be in the build director /Path/doiPET/build/ cmake ../ /Path/doiPET/build/ make /Path/doiPET/build/ ./doiPET run.mac
Simulation output:
ASCII and ROOT files are created depending on the type of the output format. The following information of the event is written in the output file:
EventID, BlockID, tangentialCrystalID, AxialCrystalID, DOI_ID, time, and Energy deposition in the crystal is written to the file as a list-mode format.
The user can choose to make the output either in singles or coincidence mode in the inputParameter.txt file as follows:
#Choose the type of output: singlesOutput or coincidenceOutput TypeOfOutput: coincidenceOutput
- Use the code analysis.cpp to analyse the raw simulation output data stored in the "resultCoincidence.data" or "resultCoincidence.root" file. Before compiling, change the option in the header whether to analyse ASCII or root file (e.g. to use root file #define UseROOT). Then complie the code as follows:
Compile: g++ analysis.cpp -o analysis `root-config --cflags --libs` Run: ./analysis
Then, the axial sensitivity will be saved in a CSV file, and the total sensitivty will be displayed in the screen.
The reference data for this example are in: https://bitbucket.org/AbdellaAhmed/doipet_advancedexample_referencedata The user can compare his/her simulation results with this data, after elaborating them with the provided analysis scripts. =================== end

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
dsbandrepair
**A Geant4-DNA application for simulating early DNA damage**
# AUTHORS L. T. Anh, Y. Perrot, C. Villagrasa, S. Meylan, H. N. Tran

SEE ALSO: README.txt

Text version of the eFLASH_radiotherapy README file
Authors: Jake Harold Pensavalle (1,2), Giuliana Milluzzo (3) and Francesco Romano (3)
(1) Fisica Sanitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisa AOUP, ed.18 via Roma 67 Pisa, Italy
(2) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3 I Pisa, Italy

SEE ALSO: README.txt

Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
eROSITA fluorescence
Authors:
Dieter Schlosser (pnSensor, Munich), Georg Weidenspointner (MPE Garching and MPI Halbleiterlabor, Munich), Maria Grazia Pia (INFN Genova) Francesco Longo (INFN Trieste) Andrea Polsini (Università degli Studi di Trieste)

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Geant4 - exp_microdosimetry example
README
The exp_microdosimetry example, originally named "Radioprotection", is currently developed and mantained by Susanna Guatelli (Centre For Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia) and Francesco Romano (INFN - Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy)
Contact: susanna@uow.edu.au francesco.romano@ct.infn.it geant4-advanced-examples@cern.ch

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Geant4 - FastAerosol advanced example
README
Authors:
Ara Knaian : ara@nklabs.com Nate MacFadden: natemacfadden@gmail.com NK Labs, LLC (nklabs.com">http://www.nklabs.com)

SEE ALSO: README.txt

Geant4 - GAMMAKNIFE example
README file
AUTHORS: F.Romano* (a)
PAST AUTHORS: J. Pipek (c), A. Varisano (b), G.Russo (e), G.A.P. Cirrone (b), M.Russo (e), G. Cuttone (b), M.G.Sabini (d)

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
gammaray_telescope
F. Longo, R. Giannitrapani & G. Santin June 2003

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GORAD - Geant4 Open-source Radiation Analysis and Design
First release : September 2020 with Geant4 version 10.7 Author : Makoto Asai (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)
Introduction

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Text version of the Hadrontherapy README file
Last revision: Released with the Geant4 10.7 version (December 2020)
ADVERTISEMENT: this is the text version of the README file of the 'basic' hadrontherapy, as it has been released in the Geant4 10.7 release

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
Example HGCal_testbeam
This example is based on the Geant4 standalone application developed by Thorben Quast for the CMS HGCal studies: https://github.com/ThorbenQuast/HGCal_TB_Geant4.

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Geant4 - human_phantom example
README
Past Authors: G. Guerrieri, S. Guatelli, M. G. Pia (pia@ge.infn.it),INFN Genova, Italy. Current authors (since 2007): S. Guatelli (susanna@uow.edu.au), University of Wollongong, Australia. Contributions by F. Ambroglini (filippo.ambroglini@pg.infn.it), INFN Perugia, Italy.
The example is based on code developed by G. Guerrieri, University of Genova, Italy.

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Geant4 - ICRP110_HumanPhantoms Example
The ICRP110_HumanPhantoms example is developed and mantained by Susanna Guatelli, Matthew Large and Alessandra Malaroda, Centre For Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia, and John Allison, Geant4 Associates International and University of Manchester, UK.
Contacts: - susanna@uow.edu.au - mjl970@uowmail.edu.au - malaroda@uow.edu.au - John.Allison@g4ai.org

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Geant4 - ICRP145_HumanPhantoms example
README
******************************************************************** * The ICRP145 Phantoms are used in Geant4 with permission from the * * International Commission on Radiological Protection * * ********************************************************************

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Text version of the iort_therapy README file
Main Authors: G.Russo(a,b), C.Casarino*(c), G.C. Candiano(c), G.A.P. Cirrone(d), F.Romano(d)
Contributor Authors: S.Guatelli(e)

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
lArCal
This example is intended to simulate the Forward Liquid Argon Calorimeter (FCAL) of the ATLAS Detector at LHC. The goal of the FCAL is to provide a good missing energy determination in the region of very small angles from the beam direction.

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+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | medical_linac | + + | README | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
This application has been developed by the Geant4 users: *Silvia Pozzi and *Barbara Caccia with the support of ^Carlo Mancini Terracciano
Past contributros: $Claudio Andenna, Pablo Cirrone, Alessandro Occhigrossi*. S. Guatelli+ Michela Piergentili with the support of M.G.Pia and Franca Foppiano.
*Istituto Superiore di Sanita' and INFN Roma, Italy ^Physics Dep. - Univ. La Sapienza and INFN Roma, Italy %LNS-INFN Catania, Italy +University of Wollongong, Autralia $INAIL DIPIA - ex ISPESL and INFN Roma, gruppo collegato Sanita', Italy
---> A brief description
The example is a deep update of the previous version for medlinac. The example is based on a medical accelerator used in a intercomparison exercise managed by working Group6 (Computational Dosimetry) of Eurados network (B.Caccia et al. "A model validation scheme for Monte Carlo simulations of a medical linear accelerator: geometrical description and dosimetric data used in the “Linac Action”- free download from https://eurados.sckcen.be/sites/eurados/files/uploads/Report-Publications/Reports/2020/EURADOS%20Report%202020-05.pdf). The medical accelerator is a GE Saturn 43 LINAC. The given description of the Saturn 43 LINAC corresponds to an operational mode with an acceleration voltage of 12 MV in the photon mode with collimator settings for a 10x10 cm^2 field size at standard working distance. Experimental dosimetric data are disposable and are related to a cubic water phantom of a 40x40x40 cm3 polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) water tank filled with distilled water. At the front of the phantom, the thickness of PMMA crossed by the beam is 4 mm (15 mm for the all other walls of the phantom). The distance from the source point of the target to the external entrance window of the water phantom is 90 cm.
The example package contains: - source files (src, include, macros) - CMakeLists.txt - README.txt - main.cc
----> 1. Experimental set-up.
The elements simulated are:
1 - A source of electrons. The beam direction is along the z axis. 2 - A target 3 - A primary collimator 4 - A vacuum window 5 - A flattening filter 6 - A ion chamber 7 - Secondary movable collimators (jaws) 8 - A cubic phantom filled with water
----> 2. How to run the example.
The example runs with the run.mac macro file.
----> 4. The physics
The PhysicsList class allows the activation of all the physic models via the macro file. The standard electromagnetic option3 model is the default model.
----> 5. Simulation output
The output of the medlinac example is generated by the Geant4 command-based scorer doseDeposit.
----> 6. Main differences with the previous ML2 release.
Multithreading has been implemented and a real accelerator was used, with experimental data for dose profiles and deep percentage dose with which to check the results obtained in the simulation.
----> 7. Contacts
If you have any questions or wish to notify of updates and/or modification please contact:
Silvia Pozzi at silvia.pozzi@iss.it Barbara Caccia at barbara.caccia@iss.it
Istituto Superiore di Sanita' and INFN Roma, Italy Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma (Italy) ...

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Geant4 - Microbeam example
README file
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
S. Incerti (a, *) et al. a. Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan (CENBG), IN2P3 / CNRS / Bordeaux 1 University, 33175 Gradignan, France * e-mail:incerti@cenbg.in2p3.fr

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Geant4 - Microelectronics example
README file
CORRESPONDING AUTHORS
M. Raine*, D. Lambert*, C. Inguimbert', Q. Gibaru' * CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France ' ONERA, 2 avenue Edouard Belin - BP 74025 - 31055 TOULOUSE, France email: melanie.raine@cea.fr damien.lambert@cea.fr christophe.Inguimbert@onera.fr Quentin.Gibaru@onera.fr

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Geant4 - Nanobeam example
README file
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
S. Incerti (a, *) et al. a. Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan (CENBG), IN2P3 / CNRS / Bordeaux 1 University, 33175 Gradignan, France * e-mail:incerti@cenbg.in2p3.fr

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
purgin_magnet
s. Larsson, May 2004
Acknowledgments to the GEANT4 Collaboration, in particular to J. Apostolakis, J Generowicz, G. Folger, Vladimir Ivanchenko, M.G.Pia and S. Guatelli.

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Geant4 - Solid-target cyclotron example
README
// // March 2014 - September 2014 // // The code was written by : // // Floriane Poignant - floriane.poignant@gmail.com // // with the support of Scott Penfold (University of Adelaide, Australia) // // // // for a colloboration work between the University of Adelaide & the SAHMRI // // (J. Asp, P. Takhar) // // // //******************************************************************************************//

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stim_pixe_tomography advanced example
The stim_pixe_tomography advanced example is developed to simulate three dimensional STIM or PIXE tomography experiments. The simulation results are written in a binary file and can be easily accessed using the provided scripts.
Publications:

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------------------------------Advanced Example--------------------------------- README FILE
Note: Due to the importation of data files during the initialisation stage of Geant4, load-time may be in excess of 5 minutes.
UNDERGROUND PHYSICS
An example of a underground dark matter experiment.

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
xray_fluorescence
XrayFluo is an advanced Geant4 example reproducing various setups for PIXE or XRF experiments.
A sample macro (livermore.mac) is provided.
The detector is a monolitic Si(Li) or HPGe detector, with real response functions, stored in response.dat and SILIresponse.dat.

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
Xray_SiliconPoreOptics
P.Dondero (1), R.Stanzani (1) Apr 2023
1. Swhard S.r.l, Genoa (GE), Italy.
Contacts: paolo.dondero@cern.ch, ronny.stanzani@cern.ch
Acknowledgements: example developed within the ESA AREMBES Project, Contract n. 4000116655/16/NL/BW. Valentina Fioretti provided the simplified mass model, as described in [1].
Xray_SiliconPoreOptics is an example of the application of Geant4 in a space environment. The geometry used in this example represents a single reflective pore used to simulate on a smaller scale the effect of the millions of pores forming the mirror of the ATHENA Silicon Pore Optics (SPO), as described in [1]. The main purpose of the simulation is the estimation of the induced residual background at the pore exit caused by proton scattering at grazing angles (<1deg). Reflection steps inside the pore and relevant information are saved on a .root file for subsequent analysis [2]. For execution time optimization purposes, only particle steps respecting specific conditions (e.g. reflection length and volume name) are stored. An example of ROOT-based analysis of the output file is included ("./analysis/analysis.C") and can be used to obtain basic data representations. Xray_SiliconPoreOptics implements a physics list dedicated to space radiation interactions, developed within the ESA AREMBES Project for the ATHENA mission, called Space Physics List (SPL). The example shows a way to optimize the simulation's execution time and output size by selectively saving data based on specific combined conditions (e.g. position, eventID and process name). NOTE: in a multiple-run session, the last run always overrides the root file.
1 - GEOMETRY
The geometry is given in the GDML format, and consists of a single Silicon pore aligned to the ideal optics symmetry axis of the SPO [1], i.e., the Z-axis of the Geant4 reference system. The pore has the following parameters: - length: ~203.0 mm - pore entrance size: ~0.83x0.61 mm - pore thickness: 0.17 mm Three volumes (DummyEntrance, DummyExit and DummySphere) are used to save the state of the particles as they pass.
2 - INPUT FLUX
100keV protons are emitted with a Cosine-law distribution from a planar surface (same dimensions of the pore) at 1mm above the entrance, within a cone of +-1 deg aperture, as described in [1].
3 - PHYSICS LIST
This example implements a dedicated physics list called "Space Physics List", developed within the ESA AREMBES Project. This physics list has been designed focusing on the ATHENA physics processes, but contains high precision models that can be used in a more general space application. In details, this physics list provides a custom electromagnetic part combined with the QBBC hadronic physics list. In addition, the G4EmStandardSS Physics List is used to simulate the single scattering inside the pore, as it is associated to a specific region from the macro file. In general, the use of SS only in selected regions allows the simulation to reduce CPU consumption in the majority of the volumes and be very accurate in the desired ones. The default production cuts are selected for all volumes, i.e. 1mm.
4 - HOW TO RUN THE EXAMPLE
Compile code and execute Xray_SiliconPoreOptics in 'batch' mode from the macro file: ./XraySiliconPoreOptics run01.mac For this example, the multi-thread (MT) capability of Geant4 is enabled by default. To specify the desired number of threads, the user can use the command "/run/numberOfThreads" in "run01.mac". To show the output from a single thread in the terminal, the user can use the "/control/cout/ignoreThreadsExcept {THREADNUM}" command.
5 - STEPPING
Within the "SteppingAction" class relevant information about the particle's state are stored in Tuples [2], defined in the "HistoManager" class. The tuples contain the following information: 1. event ID 2. volume name 3. track ID 4. coordinates (x,y,z) 5. angles (theta, phi) 6. process name 7. parent ID 8. the number of internal reflections whenever the particle reaches one of the dummy volumes defined above.
6 - ANALYSIS
Xray_SiliconPoreOptics provides an analysis macro example (analysis.C) to visualize data in the following representations: - a histogram for the normalized efficiency for Theta and Phi; - a pie chart for the number of reflections inside the pore. The normalized efficiency serves to observe the angular distribution of the exiting protons, normalized over the total entering particles. A proton is selected if it enters the first volume (pore entrance), exits from the second empty volume (pore exit) and enters the sphere at the detector side (the hemisphere below the pore). No pore interaction is required. The pie chart reports the number of reflections with the highest probability.
7 - VISUALISATION
The visualisation manager is set via the G4VisExecutive class in the main() function in xray_SiliconPoreOptics.cc. The initialisation of the drawing is done via a set of /vis/ commands in the macro vis.mac. This macro is automatically read from the main function when the example is used in interactive running mode.
References
[1] Fioretti V et al. "The Geant4 mass model of the ATHENA Silicon Pore Optics and its effect on soft proton scattering", Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray. Vol. 10699. SPIE, 2018. [2] BRUN, René, et al. "The ROOT Users Guide". CERN, root.cern.ch">http://root.cern.ch, 2003. ...

SEE ALSO: README.txt

Geant4 - X-Ray Telescope Example
Introduction
XrayTel is an advanced Geant4 example based on a realistic simulation of an X-ray Telescope. It is based on work carried out by a team of Geant4 experts to simulate the interaction between X-ray Telescopes XMM-Newton and Chandra with low energy protons present in the orbital radiation background. The X-ray mirrors are designed to collect x-ray photons at grazing-incidence angles and focus them onto detectors at the focal plane. However, this mechanism also seems to work for low energy protons which, if they reach the detectors in sufficient numbers, can cause damage. In this example, the geometry has been simplified by using a single mirror shell and no baffles, but all the dimensions and materials are realistic.

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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
Xray_TESdetector
P.Dondero (1), R.Stanzani (1) Dec 2022
1. Swhard S.r.l, Genoa (GE), Italy.

SEE ALSO: README.txt