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 // This file is part of the ACTS project.
 //
 // Copyright (C) 2016 CERN for the benefit of the ACTS project
 //
 // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Direction.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/TrackParametrization.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/BoundTrackParameters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/MeasurementHelpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/MultiTrajectoryHelpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackContainerFrontendConcept.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackProxyConcept.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackStateProxyConcept.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackStateType.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryContext.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Propagator/StandardAborters.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/BoundaryTolerance.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/Surface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/TrackFitting/GainMatrixSmoother.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Logger.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Result.hpp"
 
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace Acts {
 
 /// Strategy for track extrapolation to target surface
 enum class TrackExtrapolationStrategy {
   /// Use the first track state to reach target surface
   first,
   /// Use the last track state to reach target surface
   last,
   /// Use the first or last track state to reach target surface depending on the
   /// distance
   firstOrLast,
 };
 
 /// Error codes for track extrapolation operations
 /// @ingroup errors
 enum class TrackExtrapolationError {
   /// Did not find a compatible track state
   CompatibleTrackStateNotFound = 1,
   /// Provided reference surface is unreachable
   ReferenceSurfaceUnreachable = 2,
 };
 
 /// Create error code from TrackExtrapolationError
 /// @param e The error code enum value
 /// @return Standard error code
 std::error_code make_error_code(TrackExtrapolationError e);
 
 /// Find the first measurement state in a track
 /// @param track The track to search
 /// @return Result containing the first measurement state proxy or error
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
 Result<typename track_proxy_t::ConstTrackStateProxy> findFirstMeasurementState(
     const track_proxy_t &track) {
   using TrackStateProxy = typename track_proxy_t::ConstTrackStateProxy;
 
   // TODO specialize if track is forward linked
 
   std::optional<TrackStateProxy> firstMeasurementOpt;
 
   for (const auto &trackState : track.trackStatesReversed()) {
     if (trackState.typeFlags().isMeasurement()) {
       firstMeasurementOpt = trackState;
     }
   }
 
   if (firstMeasurementOpt) {
     return Result<TrackStateProxy>::success(*firstMeasurementOpt);
   }
 
   return Result<TrackStateProxy>::failure(
       TrackExtrapolationError::CompatibleTrackStateNotFound);
 }
 
 /// Find the last measurement state in a track
 /// @param track The track to search
 /// @return Result containing the last measurement state proxy or error
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
 Result<typename track_proxy_t::ConstTrackStateProxy> findLastMeasurementState(
     const track_proxy_t &track) {
   using TrackStateProxy = typename track_proxy_t::ConstTrackStateProxy;
 
   for (const auto &trackState : track.trackStatesReversed()) {
     if (trackState.typeFlags().isMeasurement()) {
       return TrackStateProxy{trackState};
     }
   }
 
   return Result<TrackStateProxy>::failure(
       TrackExtrapolationError::CompatibleTrackStateNotFound);
 }
 
 /// @brief Smooth a track using the gain matrix smoother
 ///
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t The track proxy type
 /// @tparam smoother_t The smoother type
 ///
 /// @param geoContext The geometry context
 /// @param track The track to smooth
 /// @param logger The logger
 /// @param smoother The smoother
 ///
 /// @return The result of the smoothing
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t,
           typename smoother_t = GainMatrixSmoother>
 Result<void> smoothTrack(
     const GeometryContext &geoContext, track_proxy_t &track,
     const Logger &logger = *getDefaultLogger("TrackSmoother", Logging::INFO),
     smoother_t smoother = GainMatrixSmoother()) {
   auto &trackContainer = track.container();
   auto &trackStateContainer = trackContainer.trackStateContainer();
 
   auto last = findLastMeasurementState(track);
   if (!last.ok()) {
     ACTS_DEBUG("no last track state found");
     return last.error();
   }
 
   auto smoothingResult =
       smoother(geoContext, trackStateContainer, last->index(), logger);
 
   if (!smoothingResult.ok()) {
     ACTS_DEBUG("Smoothing track " << track.index() << " failed with error "
                                   << smoothingResult.error());
     return smoothingResult.error();
   }
 
   return Result<void>::success();
 }
 
 /// @brief Smooth tracks using the gain matrix smoother
 ///
 /// @tparam track_container_t The track container type
 ///
 /// @param geoContext The geometry context
 /// @param trackContainer The track container
 /// @param logger The logger
 ///
 /// @return The result of the smoothing
 template <TrackContainerFrontend track_container_t>
 Result<void> smoothTracks(
     const GeometryContext &geoContext, const track_container_t &trackContainer,
     const Logger &logger = *getDefaultLogger("TrackSmoother", Logging::INFO)) {
   Result<void> result = Result<void>::success();
 
   for (const auto &track : trackContainer) {
     auto smoothingResult = smoothTrack(geoContext, track, logger);
 
     // Only keep the first error
     if (!smoothingResult.ok() && result.ok()) {
       result = smoothingResult.error();
     }
   }
 
   return result;
 }
 
 /// @brief Find a track state for extrapolation
 ///
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t The track proxy type
 ///
 /// @param geoContext The geometry context
 /// @param track The track
 /// @param referenceSurface The reference surface
 /// @param strategy The extrapolation strategy
 /// @param logger The logger
 ///
 /// @return The result of the search containing the track state
 ///         and the distance to the reference surface
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
 Result<std::pair<typename track_proxy_t::ConstTrackStateProxy, double>>
 findTrackStateForExtrapolation(
     const GeometryContext &geoContext, const track_proxy_t &track,
     const Surface &referenceSurface, TrackExtrapolationStrategy strategy,
     const Logger &logger = *getDefaultLogger("TrackExtrapolation",
                                              Logging::INFO)) {
   using TrackStateProxy = typename track_proxy_t::ConstTrackStateProxy;
 
   auto intersect = [&](const TrackStateProxy &state) -> Intersection3D {
     assert(state.hasSmoothed() || state.hasFiltered());
 
     FreeVector freeVector;
     if (state.hasSmoothed()) {
       freeVector = MultiTrajectoryHelpers::freeSmoothed(geoContext, state);
     } else {
       freeVector = MultiTrajectoryHelpers::freeFiltered(geoContext, state);
     }
 
     return referenceSurface
         .intersect(geoContext, freeVector.template segment<3>(eFreePos0),
                    freeVector.template segment<3>(eFreeDir0),
                    BoundaryTolerance::None(), s_onSurfaceTolerance)
         .closest();
   };
 
   switch (strategy) {
     case TrackExtrapolationStrategy::first: {
       ACTS_VERBOSE("looking for first track state");
 
       auto first = findFirstMeasurementState(track);
       if (!first.ok()) {
         ACTS_DEBUG("no first track state found");
         return first.error();
       }
 
       Intersection3D intersection = intersect(*first);
       if (!intersection.isValid()) {
         ACTS_DEBUG("no intersection found");
         return Result<std::pair<TrackStateProxy, double>>::failure(
             TrackExtrapolationError::ReferenceSurfaceUnreachable);
       }
 
       ACTS_VERBOSE("found intersection at " << intersection.pathLength());
       return std::pair(*first, intersection.pathLength());
     }
 
     case TrackExtrapolationStrategy::last: {
       ACTS_VERBOSE("looking for last track state");
 
       auto last = findLastMeasurementState(track);
       if (!last.ok()) {
         ACTS_DEBUG("no last track state found");
         return last.error();
       }
 
       Intersection3D intersection = intersect(*last);
       if (!intersection.isValid()) {
         ACTS_DEBUG("no intersection found");
         return Result<std::pair<TrackStateProxy, double>>::failure(
             TrackExtrapolationError::ReferenceSurfaceUnreachable);
       }
 
       ACTS_VERBOSE("found intersection at " << intersection.pathLength());
       return std::pair(*last, intersection.pathLength());
     }
 
     case TrackExtrapolationStrategy::firstOrLast: {
       ACTS_VERBOSE("looking for first or last track state");
 
       auto first = findFirstMeasurementState(track);
       if (!first.ok()) {
         ACTS_DEBUG("no first track state found");
         return first.error();
       }
 
       auto last = findLastMeasurementState(track);
       if (!last.ok()) {
         ACTS_DEBUG("no last track state found");
         return last.error();
       }
 
       Intersection3D intersectionFirst = intersect(*first);
       Intersection3D intersectionLast = intersect(*last);
 
       double absDistanceFirst = std::abs(intersectionFirst.pathLength());
       double absDistanceLast = std::abs(intersectionLast.pathLength());
 
       if (intersectionFirst.isValid() && absDistanceFirst <= absDistanceLast) {
         ACTS_VERBOSE("using first track state with intersection at "
                      << intersectionFirst.pathLength());
         return std::pair(*first, intersectionFirst.pathLength());
       }
 
       if (intersectionLast.isValid() && absDistanceLast <= absDistanceFirst) {
         ACTS_VERBOSE("using last track state with intersection at "
                      << intersectionLast.pathLength());
         return std::pair(*last, intersectionLast.pathLength());
       }
 
       ACTS_DEBUG("no intersection found");
       return Result<std::pair<TrackStateProxy, double>>::failure(
           TrackExtrapolationError::ReferenceSurfaceUnreachable);
     }
   }
 
   // unreachable
   return Result<std::pair<TrackStateProxy, double>>::failure(
       TrackExtrapolationError::CompatibleTrackStateNotFound);
 }
 
 /// @brief Extrapolate a track to a reference surface
 ///
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t The track proxy type
 /// @tparam propagator_t The propagator type
 /// @tparam propagator_options_t The propagator options type
 ///
 /// @param track The track which is modified in-place
 /// @param referenceSurface The reference surface
 /// @param propagator The propagator
 /// @param options The propagator options
 /// @param strategy The extrapolation strategy
 /// @param logger The logger
 ///
 /// @return The result of the extrapolation
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t, typename propagator_t,
           typename propagator_options_t>
 Result<void> extrapolateTrackToReferenceSurface(
     track_proxy_t &track, const Surface &referenceSurface,
     const propagator_t &propagator, propagator_options_t options,
     TrackExtrapolationStrategy strategy,
     const Logger &logger = *getDefaultLogger("TrackExtrapolation",
                                              Logging::INFO)) {
   auto findResult = findTrackStateForExtrapolation(
       options.geoContext, track, referenceSurface, strategy, logger);
 
   if (!findResult.ok()) {
     ACTS_DEBUG("failed to find track state for extrapolation");
     return findResult.error();
   }
 
   auto &[trackState, distance] = *findResult;
 
   options.direction = Direction::fromScalarZeroAsPositive(distance);
 
   BoundTrackParameters parameters = track.createParametersFromState(trackState);
   ACTS_VERBOSE("extrapolating track to reference surface at distance "
                << distance << " with direction " << options.direction
                << " with starting parameters " << parameters);
 
   auto propagateResult =
       propagator.template propagate<propagator_options_t, ForcedSurfaceReached>(
           parameters, referenceSurface, options);
 
   if (!propagateResult.ok()) {
     ACTS_DEBUG("failed to extrapolate track: " << propagateResult.error());
     return propagateResult.error();
   }
 
   track.setReferenceSurface(referenceSurface.getSharedPtr());
   track.parameters() = propagateResult->endParameters.value().parameters();
   track.covariance() =
       propagateResult->endParameters.value().covariance().value();
 
   return Result<void>::success();
 }
 
 /// @brief Extrapolate tracks to a reference surface
 ///
 /// @tparam track_container_t The track container type
 /// @tparam propagator_t The propagator type
 /// @tparam propagator_options_t The propagator options type
 ///
 /// @param trackContainer The track container which is modified in-place
 /// @param referenceSurface The reference surface
 /// @param propagator The propagator
 /// @param options The propagator options
 /// @param strategy The extrapolation strategy
 /// @param logger The logger
 ///
 /// @return The result of the extrapolation
 template <TrackContainerFrontend track_container_t, typename propagator_t,
           typename propagator_options_t>
 Result<void> extrapolateTracksToReferenceSurface(
     const track_container_t &trackContainer, const Surface &referenceSurface,
     const propagator_t &propagator, propagator_options_t options,
     TrackExtrapolationStrategy strategy,
     const Logger &logger = *getDefaultLogger("TrackExtrapolation",
                                              Logging::INFO)) {
   Result<void> result = Result<void>::success();
 
   for (const auto &track : trackContainer) {
     auto extrapolateResult = extrapolateTrackToReferenceSurface(
         track, referenceSurface, propagator, options, strategy, logger);
 
     // Only keep the first error
     if (!extrapolateResult.ok() && result.ok()) {
       result = extrapolateResult.error();
     }
   }
 
   return result;
 }
 
 /// Helper function to calculate a number of track level quantities and store
 /// them on the track itself
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t The track proxy type
 /// @param track A mutable track proxy to operate on
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
 void calculateTrackQuantities(track_proxy_t track)
   requires(!track_proxy_t::ReadOnly)
 {
   track.chi2() = 0;
   track.nDoF() = 0;
 
   track.nHoles() = 0;
   track.nMeasurements() = 0;
   track.nSharedHits() = 0;
   track.nOutliers() = 0;
 
   for (const auto &trackState : track.trackStatesReversed()) {
     ConstTrackStateTypeMap typeFlags = trackState.typeFlags();
 
     if (typeFlags.isHole()) {
       track.nHoles()++;
     } else if (typeFlags.isOutlier()) {
       track.nOutliers()++;
     } else if (typeFlags.isMeasurement()) {
       if (typeFlags.isSharedHit()) {
         track.nSharedHits()++;
       }
       track.nMeasurements()++;
       track.chi2() += trackState.chi2();
       track.nDoF() += trackState.calibratedSize();
     }
   }
 }
 
 /// Helper function to trim track states from the front of a track
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t the track proxy type
 /// @param track the track to trim
 /// @param trimHoles whether to trim holes
 /// @param trimOutliers whether to trim outliers
 /// @param trimMaterial whether to trim pure material states
 /// @param trimOtherNoneMeasurement whether to trim other, non measurement, states
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
 void trimTrackFront(track_proxy_t track, bool trimHoles, bool trimOutliers,
                     bool trimMaterial, bool trimOtherNoneMeasurement)
   requires(!track_proxy_t::ReadOnly)
 {
   using TrackStateProxy = typename track_proxy_t::TrackStateProxy;
 
   // TODO specialize if track is forward linked
 
   std::optional<TrackStateProxy> front;
 
   for (TrackStateProxy trackState : track.trackStatesReversed()) {
     TrackStateTypeMap typeFlags = trackState.typeFlags();
     bool isHole = typeFlags.isHole();
     bool isOutlier = typeFlags.isOutlier();
     bool isMaterial = typeFlags.isMaterial();
     bool isOtherNoneMeasurement =
         !typeFlags.hasMeasurement() && !isHole && !isOutlier && !isMaterial;
     if (trimHoles && isHole) {
       continue;
     }
     if (trimOutliers && isOutlier) {
       continue;
     }
     if (trimMaterial && isMaterial) {
       continue;
     }
     if (trimOtherNoneMeasurement && isOtherNoneMeasurement) {
       continue;
     }
 
     front = trackState;
   }
 
   if (front.has_value()) {
     front.value().previous() = TrackStateProxy::kInvalid;
   }
 }
 
 /// Helper function to trim track states from the back of a track
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t the track proxy type
 /// @param track the track to trim
 /// @param trimHoles whether to trim holes
 /// @param trimOutliers whether to trim outliers
 /// @param trimMaterial whether to trim pure material states
 /// @param trimOtherNoneMeasurement whether to trim other, non measurement, states
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
 void trimTrackBack(track_proxy_t track, bool trimHoles, bool trimOutliers,
                    bool trimMaterial, bool trimOtherNoneMeasurement)
   requires(!track_proxy_t::ReadOnly)
 {
   using TrackStateProxy = typename track_proxy_t::TrackStateProxy;
 
   std::optional<TrackStateProxy> back;
 
   for (TrackStateProxy trackState : track.trackStatesReversed()) {
     back = trackState;
 
     TrackStateTypeMap typeFlags = trackState.typeFlags();
     bool isHole = typeFlags.isHole();
     bool isOutlier = typeFlags.isOutlier();
     bool isMaterial = typeFlags.isMaterial();
     bool isOtherNoneMeasurement =
         !typeFlags.hasMeasurement() && !isHole && !isOutlier && !isMaterial;
     if (trimHoles && isHole) {
       continue;
     }
     if (trimOutliers && isOutlier) {
       continue;
     }
     if (trimMaterial && isMaterial) {
       continue;
     }
     if (trimOtherNoneMeasurement && isOtherNoneMeasurement) {
       continue;
     }
 
     break;
   }
 
   if (back.has_value()) {
     track.tipIndex() = back.value().index();
   }
 }
 
 /// Helper function to trim track states from the front and back of a track
 /// @tparam track_proxy_t the track proxy type
 /// @param track the track to trim
 /// @param trimHoles whether to trim holes
 /// @param trimOutliers whether to trim outliers
 /// @param trimMaterial whether to trim pure material states
 /// @param trimOtherNoneMeasurement whether to trim other, non measurement, states
 template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
 void trimTrack(track_proxy_t track, bool trimHoles, bool trimOutliers,
                bool trimMaterial, bool trimOtherNoneMeasurement)
   requires(!track_proxy_t::ReadOnly)
 {
   trimTrackFront(track, trimHoles, trimOutliers, trimMaterial,
                  trimOtherNoneMeasurement);
   trimTrackBack(track, trimHoles, trimOutliers, trimMaterial,
                 trimOtherNoneMeasurement);
 }
 
 /// Helper function to calculate the predicted residual and its covariance
 /// @tparam nMeasurementDim the dimension of the measurement
 /// @tparam track_state_proxy_t the track state proxy type
 /// @param trackState the track state to calculate the residual from
 /// @return a pair of the residual and its covariance
 template <std::size_t nMeasurementDim,
           TrackStateProxyConcept track_state_proxy_t>
 std::pair<Vector<nMeasurementDim>, SquareMatrix<nMeasurementDim>>
 calculatePredictedResidual(track_state_proxy_t trackState) {
   using MeasurementVector = Vector<nMeasurementDim>;
   using MeasurementMatrix = SquareMatrix<nMeasurementDim>;
 
   if (!trackState.hasPredicted()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no predicted parameters");
   }
   if (!trackState.hasCalibrated()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no calibrated parameters");
   }
 
   auto subspaceHelper =
       trackState.template projectorSubspaceHelper<nMeasurementDim>();
 
   auto measurement = trackState.template calibrated<nMeasurementDim>();
   auto measurementCovariance =
       trackState.template calibratedCovariance<nMeasurementDim>();
   MeasurementVector predicted =
       subspaceHelper.projectVector(trackState.predicted());
   MeasurementMatrix predictedCovariance =
       subspaceHelper.projectMatrix(trackState.predictedCovariance());
 
   MeasurementVector residual = measurement - predicted;
   MeasurementMatrix residualCovariance =
       measurementCovariance + predictedCovariance;
 
   return {residual, residualCovariance};
 }
 
 /// Helper function to calculate the filtered residual and its covariance
 /// @tparam nMeasurementDim the dimension of the measurement
 /// @tparam track_state_proxy_t the track state proxy type
 /// @param trackState the track state to calculate the residual from
 /// @return a pair of the residual and its covariance
 template <std::size_t nMeasurementDim,
           TrackStateProxyConcept track_state_proxy_t>
 std::pair<Vector<nMeasurementDim>, SquareMatrix<nMeasurementDim>>
 calculateFilteredResidual(track_state_proxy_t trackState) {
   using MeasurementVector = Vector<nMeasurementDim>;
   using MeasurementMatrix = SquareMatrix<nMeasurementDim>;
 
   if (!trackState.hasFiltered()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no filtered parameters");
   }
   if (!trackState.hasCalibrated()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no calibrated parameters");
   }
 
   auto subspaceHelper =
       trackState.template projectorSubspaceHelper<nMeasurementDim>();
 
   auto measurement = trackState.template calibrated<nMeasurementDim>();
   auto measurementCovariance =
       trackState.template calibratedCovariance<nMeasurementDim>();
   MeasurementVector filtered =
       subspaceHelper.projectVector(trackState.filtered());
   MeasurementMatrix filteredCovariance =
       subspaceHelper.projectMatrix(trackState.filteredCovariance());
 
   MeasurementVector residual = measurement - filtered;
   MeasurementMatrix residualCovariance =
       measurementCovariance - filteredCovariance;
 
   return {residual, residualCovariance};
 }
 
 /// Helper function to calculate the smoothed residual and its covariance
 /// @tparam nMeasurementDim the dimension of the measurement
 /// @tparam track_state_proxy_t the track state proxy type
 /// @param trackState the track state to calculate the residual from
 /// @return a pair of the residual and its covariance
 template <std::size_t nMeasurementDim,
           TrackStateProxyConcept track_state_proxy_t>
 std::pair<Vector<nMeasurementDim>, SquareMatrix<nMeasurementDim>>
 calculateSmoothedResidual(track_state_proxy_t trackState) {
   using MeasurementVector = Vector<nMeasurementDim>;
   using MeasurementMatrix = SquareMatrix<nMeasurementDim>;
 
   if (!trackState.hasSmoothed()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no smoothed parameters");
   }
   if (!trackState.hasCalibrated()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no calibrated parameters");
   }
 
   auto subspaceHelper =
       trackState.template projectorSubspaceHelper<nMeasurementDim>();
 
   auto measurement = trackState.template calibrated<nMeasurementDim>();
   auto measurementCovariance =
       trackState.template calibratedCovariance<nMeasurementDim>();
   MeasurementVector smoothed =
       subspaceHelper.projectVector(trackState.smoothed());
   MeasurementMatrix smoothedCovariance =
       subspaceHelper.projectMatrix(trackState.smoothedCovariance());
 
   MeasurementVector residual = measurement - smoothed;
   MeasurementMatrix residualCovariance =
       measurementCovariance - smoothedCovariance;
 
   return {residual, residualCovariance};
 }
 
 /// Helper function to calculate the predicted chi2
 /// @tparam track_state_proxy_t the track state proxy type
 /// @param trackState the track state to calculate the chi2 from
 /// @return the chi2
 template <TrackStateProxyConcept track_state_proxy_t>
 double calculatePredictedChi2(track_state_proxy_t trackState) {
   if (!trackState.hasPredicted()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no predicted parameters");
   }
   if (!trackState.hasCalibrated()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no calibrated parameters");
   }
 
   return visit_measurement(
       trackState.calibratedSize(),
       [&]<std::size_t measdim>(
           std::integral_constant<std::size_t, measdim>) -> double {
         auto [residual, residualCovariance] =
             calculatePredictedResidual<measdim>(trackState);
 
         return (residual.transpose() * residualCovariance.inverse() * residual)
             .eval()(0, 0);
       });
 }
 
 /// Helper function to calculate the filtered chi2
 /// @tparam track_state_proxy_t the track state proxy type
 /// @param trackState the track state to calculate the chi2 from
 /// @return the chi2
 template <TrackStateProxyConcept track_state_proxy_t>
 double calculateFilteredChi2(track_state_proxy_t trackState) {
   if (!trackState.hasFiltered()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no filtered parameters");
   }
   if (!trackState.hasCalibrated()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no calibrated parameters");
   }
 
   return visit_measurement(
       trackState.calibratedSize(),
       [&]<std::size_t measdim>(
           std::integral_constant<std::size_t, measdim>) -> double {
         auto [residual, residualCovariance] =
             calculateFilteredResidual<measdim>(trackState);
 
         return (residual.transpose() * residualCovariance.inverse() * residual)
             .eval()(0, 0);
       });
 }
 
 /// Helper function to calculate the smoothed chi2
 /// @tparam track_state_proxy_t the track state proxy type
 /// @param trackState the track state to calculate the chi2 from
 /// @return the chi2
 template <TrackStateProxyConcept track_state_proxy_t>
 double calculateSmoothedChi2(track_state_proxy_t trackState) {
   if (!trackState.hasSmoothed()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no smoothed parameters");
   }
   if (!trackState.hasCalibrated()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no calibrated parameters");
   }
 
   return visit_measurement(
       trackState.calibratedSize(),
       [&]<std::size_t measdim>(
           std::integral_constant<std::size_t, measdim>) -> double {
         auto [residual, residualCovariance] =
             calculateSmoothedResidual<measdim>(trackState);
 
         return (residual.transpose() * residualCovariance.inverse() * residual)
             .eval()(0, 0);
       });
 }
 
 /// Helper function to calculate the unbiased track parameters and their
 /// covariance (i.e. fitted track parameters with this measurement removed)
 /// using Eq.(12a)-Eq.(12c) of NIMA 262, 444 (1987)
 /// @tparam track_state_proxy_t the track state proxy type
 /// @param trackState the track state to calculate the unbiased parameters from
 /// @return a pair of the unbiased parameters and their covariance
 template <TrackStateProxyConcept track_state_proxy_t>
 std::pair<BoundVector, BoundMatrix> calculateUnbiasedParametersCovariance(
     track_state_proxy_t trackState) {
   if (!trackState.hasSmoothed()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no smoothed parameters");
   }
   if (!trackState.hasCalibrated()) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("track state has no calibrated parameters");
   }
 
   return visit_measurement(
       trackState.calibratedSize(),
       [&]<std::size_t measdim>(std::integral_constant<std::size_t, measdim>) {
         FixedBoundSubspaceHelper<measdim> subspaceHelper =
             trackState.template projectorSubspaceHelper<measdim>();
 
         // TODO use subspace helper for projection instead
         auto H = subspaceHelper.projector();
         auto s = trackState.smoothed();
         auto C = trackState.smoothedCovariance();
         auto m = trackState.template calibrated<measdim>();
         auto V = trackState.template calibratedCovariance<measdim>();
         auto K =
             (C * H.transpose() * (H * C * H.transpose() - V).inverse()).eval();
         BoundVector unbiasedParamsVec = s + K * (m - H * s);
         BoundMatrix unbiasedParamsCov = C - K * H * C;
         return std::make_pair(unbiasedParamsVec, unbiasedParamsCov);
       });
 }
 
 }  // namespace Acts
 
 namespace std {
 // register with STL
 template <>
 struct is_error_code_enum<Acts::TrackExtrapolationError> : std::true_type {};
 }  // namespace std

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