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 // This file is part of the ACTS project.
 //
 // Copyright (C) 2016 CERN for the benefit of the ACTS project
 //
 // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "Acts/Utilities/HashedString.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <any>
 #include <array>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <typeinfo>
 #include <utility>
 
 // #define _ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_VERBOSE
 // #define _ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_DEBUG
 // #define _ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS
 
 #if defined(_ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS)
 #include <iostream>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <set>
 #include <typeindex>
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_VERBOSE) || defined(_ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_DEBUG)
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_DEBUG)
 #define _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG(x) std::cout << x << std::endl;
 #else
 #define _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG(x)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_VERBOSE)
 #define _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE(x) std::cout << x << std::endl;
 #define _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE_BUFFER(s, b)              \
   do {                                              \
     std::cout << "" << s << ": 0x";                 \
     for (char c : b) {                              \
       std::cout << std::hex << static_cast<int>(c); \
     }                                               \
     std::cout << std::endl;                         \
   } while (0)
 #else
 #define _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE(x)
 #define _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE_BUFFER(s, b)
 #endif
 
 namespace Acts {
 
 namespace detail {
 #if defined(_ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_TRACK_ALLOCATIONS)
 static std::mutex _s_any_mutex;
 static std::set<std::pair<std::type_index, void*>> _s_any_allocations;
 
 #define _ACTS_ANY_TRACK_ALLOCATION(T, heap)                                  \
   do {                                                                       \
     std::lock_guard guard{detail::_s_any_mutex};                             \
     detail::_s_any_allocations.emplace(std::type_index(typeid(T)), heap);    \
     _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG("Allocate type: " << typeid(T).name() << " at " << heap) \
   } while (0)
 
 #define _ACTS_ANY_TRACK_DEALLOCATION(T, heap)                           \
   do {                                                                  \
     std::lock_guard guard{detail::_s_any_mutex};                        \
     auto it = detail::_s_any_allocations.find(                          \
         std::pair{std::type_index(typeid(T)), heap});                   \
     if (it == detail::_s_any_allocations.end()) {                       \
       throw std::runtime_error{                                         \
           "Trying to deallocate heap address that we didn't allocate"}; \
     }                                                                   \
     detail::_s_any_allocations.erase(it);                               \
   } while (0)
 
 // Do not make member functions noexcept in the debug case
 static constexpr bool kAnyNoexcept = false;
 
 struct _AnyAllocationReporter {
   static void checkAllocations() {
     std::lock_guard guard{detail::_s_any_mutex};
 
     if (!detail::_s_any_allocations.empty()) {
       std::cout << "Not all allocations have been released" << std::endl;
       for (const auto& [idx, addr] : detail::_s_any_allocations) {
         std::cout << "- " << idx.name() << ": " << addr << std::endl;
       }
       throw std::runtime_error{"AnyCheckAllocations failed"};
     }
   }
 
   ~_AnyAllocationReporter() noexcept { checkAllocations(); }
 };
 static _AnyAllocationReporter s_reporter;
 #else
 #define _ACTS_ANY_TRACK_ALLOCATION(T, heap) \
   do {                                      \
   } while (0)
 #define _ACTS_ANY_TRACK_DEALLOCATION(T, heap) \
   do {                                        \
   } while (0)
 static constexpr bool kAnyNoexcept = true;
 #endif
 }  // namespace detail
 
 /// @addtogroup utilities
 /// @{
 
 /// Base class for all instances of @ref AnyBase regarfless of SBO size
 class AnyBaseAll {};
 
 /// Small opaque type-erased type with configurable small buffer optimization
 ///
 /// @tparam SbSize Size of the internal buffer for small buffer optimization
 /// @tparam Copyable If true, stored types must be copyable and AnyBase is
 ///         copyable. If false, move-only types are allowed and AnyBase is
 ///         move-only (copy constructor and copy assignment are deleted).
 ///
 /// @note
 /// Type requirements when Copyable is true:
 /// - All stored types must be copy constructible and copy assignable.
 /// - Types stored locally (`sizeof(T) <= SbSize`) must also be move
 /// constructible
 ///   and move assignable because local moves use move operations when not
 ///   trivially movable (trivial moves fall back to buffer copies).
 /// - Types stored on the heap (`sizeof(T) > SbSize`) are moved by stealing the
 ///   pointer, so no move operations are required in that case.
 ///
 /// @note
 /// Type requirements when Copyable is false:
 /// - All stored types must be move constructible.
 /// - Types stored locally must also be move assignable.
 /// - Heap-allocated types only need move constructible (pointer steal).
 ///
 /// @note
 /// In summary:
 /// - Local storage: values live inside the internal buffer; moves may invoke
 ///   move operations or buffer copies; copies use copy operations or buffer
 ///   copies when trivial.
 /// - Heap storage: values are allocated on the heap; moves transfer ownership
 ///   of the pointer; copies allocate and copy-construct the pointee.
 template <std::size_t SbSize, bool Copyable = true, typename Base = void>
 class AnyBase : public AnyBaseAll {
   static_assert(sizeof(void*) <= SbSize, "Size is too small for a pointer");
 
   /// Type trait: T is storable when Copyable requires copy+move, else
   /// move-only. When @c Base is not @c void, the type must additionally be
   /// convertible to @c Base* (i.e. publicly and unambiguously derived).
   /// @tparam U Type to check
   /// @return True if the type is storable, false otherwise
   template <typename U>
   static constexpr bool isStorable() {
     if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<AnyBaseAll, U>) {
       return false;
     } else if constexpr (!std::is_void_v<Base> &&
                          !std::is_convertible_v<U*, Base*>) {
       return false;
     } else if constexpr (Copyable) {
       return std::is_copy_assignable_v<U> && std::is_copy_constructible_v<U> &&
              (sizeof(U) > SbSize || (std::is_move_assignable_v<U> &&
                                      std::is_move_constructible_v<U>));
     } else {
       return std::is_move_constructible_v<U> &&
              (sizeof(U) > SbSize || std::is_move_assignable_v<U>);
     }
   }
 
  public:
   /// Construct with in-place type construction
   /// @tparam T Type to construct
   /// @tparam Args Constructor argument types
   /// @param args Arguments to forward to T's constructor
   template <typename T, typename... Args>
     requires(isStorable<std::decay_t<T>>())
   explicit AnyBase(std::in_place_type_t<T> /*unused*/, Args&&... args) {
     using U = std::decay_t<T>;
     m_handler = makeHandler<U>();
     constructValue<U>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 
 #if defined(_ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_VERBOSE)
   AnyBase() { _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Default construct this=" << this); };
 #else
   AnyBase() = default;
 #endif
 
   /// Construct from any value type
   /// @tparam T Type of the value to store
   /// @param value Value to store in the Any
   /// @note Not noexcept: storing a type larger than the small buffer allocates
   ///       on the heap (may throw std::bad_alloc) and the stored type's own
   ///       constructor may throw.
   template <typename T>
   explicit AnyBase(T&& value)
     requires(!std::is_base_of_v<AnyBaseAll, std::decay_t<T>> &&
              isStorable<std::decay_t<T>>())
       : AnyBase{std::in_place_type<T>, std::forward<T>(value)} {}
 
   /// Construct a new value in place, destroying any existing value
   /// @tparam T Type to construct
   /// @tparam Args Constructor argument types
   /// @param args Arguments to forward to T's constructor
   /// @return Reference to the newly constructed value
   template <typename T, typename... Args>
     requires(isStorable<std::decay_t<T>>())
   T& emplace(Args&&... args) {
     using U = std::decay_t<T>;
     destroy();
     // Construct the new value before installing the handler. constructValue
     // does not depend on m_handler, so if the constructor throws this object is
     // left empty (m_handler == nullptr) rather than claiming to hold a value
     // whose storage was never set up, which would make the next destroy()
     // operate on stale/freed memory.
     U* ptr = constructValue<U>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     m_handler = makeHandler<U>();
     return *ptr;
   }
 
   /// Get reference to stored value of specified type
   /// @tparam T Type to retrieve (must be exact type, no const/ref)
   /// @return Reference to the stored value
   /// @throws std::bad_any_cast if stored type doesn't match T
   template <typename T>
   T& as() {
     static_assert(std::is_same_v<T, std::decay_t<T>>,
                   "Please pass the raw type, no const or ref");
     if (m_handler == nullptr || m_handler->typeHash != typeHash<T>()) {
       throw std::bad_any_cast{};
     }
 
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Get as "
                       << (m_handler->heapAllocated ? "heap" : "local"));
 
     return *std::bit_cast<T*>(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Get const reference to stored value of specified type
   /// @tparam T Type to retrieve (must be exact type, no const/ref)
   /// @return Const reference to the stored value
   /// @throws std::bad_any_cast if stored type doesn't match T
   template <typename T>
   const T& as() const {
     static_assert(std::is_same_v<T, std::decay_t<T>>,
                   "Please pass the raw type, no const or ref");
     if (m_handler == nullptr || m_handler->typeHash != typeHash<T>()) {
       throw std::bad_any_cast{};
     }
 
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Get as "
                       << (m_handler->heapAllocated ? "heap" : "local"));
 
     return *std::bit_cast<const T*>(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Get pointer to stored value of specified type
   /// @tparam T Type to retrieve (must be exact type, no const/ref)
   /// @return Pointer to the stored value, or nullptr if the type doesn't match
   ///         or the Any is empty
   template <typename T>
   T* asPtr() {
     static_assert(std::is_same_v<T, std::decay_t<T>>,
                   "Please pass the raw type, no const or ref");
     if (m_handler == nullptr || m_handler->typeHash != typeHash<T>()) {
       return nullptr;
     }
     return std::bit_cast<T*>(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Get const pointer to stored value of specified type
   /// @tparam T Type to retrieve (must be exact type, no const/ref)
   /// @return Const pointer to the stored value, or nullptr if the type doesn't
   ///         match or the Any is empty
   template <typename T>
   const T* asPtr() const {
     static_assert(std::is_same_v<T, std::decay_t<T>>,
                   "Please pass the raw type, no const or ref");
     if (m_handler == nullptr || m_handler->typeHash != typeHash<T>()) {
       return nullptr;
     }
     return std::bit_cast<const T*>(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Move the stored value out. Leaves this Any empty.
   /// @tparam T Type to retrieve (must be exact type, no const/ref)
   /// @return The moved-out value
   /// @throws std::bad_any_cast if stored type doesn't match T or Any is empty
   template <typename T>
   T take() {
     static_assert(std::is_same_v<T, std::decay_t<T>>,
                   "Please pass the raw type, no const or ref");
     if (m_handler == nullptr || m_handler->typeHash != typeHash<T>()) {
       throw std::bad_any_cast{};
     }
     T* ptr = std::bit_cast<T*>(dataPtr());
     T value = std::move(*ptr);
     destroy();
     return value;
   }
 
   ~AnyBase() { destroy(); }
 
   /// Copy constructor (only when Copyable is true)
   /// @param other The AnyBase to copy from
   /// @note Not noexcept: copying a heap-allocated value allocates (may throw
   ///       std::bad_alloc) and the stored type's copy constructor may throw.
   AnyBase(const AnyBase& other)
     requires Copyable
   {
     if (m_handler == nullptr && other.m_handler == nullptr) {
       // both are empty, noop
       return;
     }
 
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Copy construct (this="
                       << this << ") at: " << static_cast<void*>(m_data.data()));
 
     m_handler = other.m_handler;
     copyConstruct(other);
   }
 
   /// Copy constructor deleted when Copyable is false (move-only variant)
   AnyBase(const AnyBase&)
     requires(!Copyable)
   = delete;
 
   /// Copy assignment operator (only when Copyable is true)
   /// @param other The AnyBase to copy from
   /// @return Reference to this object
   /// @note Not noexcept: copying a heap-allocated value allocates (may throw
   ///       std::bad_alloc) and the stored type's copy operations may throw.
   AnyBase& operator=(const AnyBase& other)
     requires Copyable
   {
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Copy assign (this="
                       << this << ") at: " << static_cast<void*>(m_data.data()));
 
     if (this == &other) {
       // self-assignment, noop
       return *this;
     }
 
     if (m_handler == nullptr && other.m_handler == nullptr) {
       // both are empty, noop
       return *this;
     }
 
     if (m_handler == other.m_handler) {
       // same type, but checked before they're not both nullptr
       copy(other);
     } else {
       if (m_handler != nullptr) {
         // this object is not empty, but have different types => destroy
         destroy();
       }
       assert(m_handler == nullptr);
       m_handler = other.m_handler;
       try {
         copyConstruct(other);
       } catch (...) {
         // copyConstruct allocates and/or runs the stored type's copy
         // constructor, either of which may throw. If it does, no value was
         // established, so leave *this empty rather than with a handler that
         // claims a value that does not exist (which would make destruction
         // operate on uninitialized storage).
         m_handler = nullptr;
         throw;
       }
     }
     return *this;
   }
 
   /// Copy assignment deleted when Copyable is false (move-only variant)
   AnyBase& operator=(const AnyBase&)
     requires(!Copyable)
   = delete;
 
   /// Move constructor
   /// @param other The AnyBase to move from
   AnyBase(AnyBase&& other) noexcept(detail::kAnyNoexcept) {
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Move construct (this="
                       << this << ") at: " << static_cast<void*>(m_data.data()));
     if (m_handler == nullptr && other.m_handler == nullptr) {
       // both are empty, noop
       return;
     }
 
     m_handler = other.m_handler;
     moveConstruct(std::move(other));
   }
 
   /// Move assignment operator
   /// @param other The AnyBase to move from
   /// @return Reference to this object
   AnyBase& operator=(AnyBase&& other) noexcept(detail::kAnyNoexcept) {
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Move assign (this="
                       << this << ") at: " << static_cast<void*>(m_data.data()));
     if (this == &other) {
       // self-assignment, noop (avoids destroying our own value)
       return *this;
     }
 
     if (m_handler == nullptr && other.m_handler == nullptr) {
       // both are empty, noop
       return *this;
     }
 
     // At this point they can't be equal and nullptr, so it's safe to
     // dereference
     if (m_handler == other.m_handler &&
         m_handler->typeHash == other.m_handler->typeHash) {
       // same type, but checked before they're not both nullptr
       move(std::move(other));
     } else {
       if (m_handler != nullptr) {
         // this object is not empty, but have different types => destroy
         destroy();
       }
       assert(m_handler == nullptr);
       m_handler = other.m_handler;
       moveConstruct(std::move(other));
     }
 
     return *this;
   }
 
   /// Check if the AnyBase contains a value
   /// @return True if a value is stored, false if empty
   explicit operator bool() const { return m_handler != nullptr; }
 
   /// Type info of the stored value. Returns nullptr if empty.
   /// @return Pointer to the type info of the stored value, or nullptr if empty
   const std::type_info* typeInfo() const {
     return m_handler != nullptr ? m_handler->typeInfo : nullptr;
   }
 
   // The base accessors below are member templates on a dummy @c B defaulting to
   // @c Base. This keeps their return types (@c B& / @c B*) from being formed
   // when @c Base is @c void: the member template is only instantiated on use,
   // and the @c requires clause removes it entirely for the untyped variant. A
   // plain non-template member would try to form @c void& at class instantiation
   // and fail to compile.
 
   /// Get a pointer to the stored value as @c Base*, regardless of its concrete
   /// type. Only available when @c Base is not @c void.
   /// @return Pointer to the stored value upcast to @c Base*, or nullptr if empty
   template <typename B = Base>
     requires(!std::is_void_v<B>)
   B* asBase() {
     if (m_handler == nullptr) {
       return nullptr;
     }
     return m_handler->upcast(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Get a const pointer to the stored value as @c Base*. Only available when
   /// @c Base is not @c void.
   /// @return Const pointer to the stored value upcast to @c Base*, or nullptr if empty
   template <typename B = Base>
     requires(!std::is_void_v<B>)
   const B* asBase() const {
     if (m_handler == nullptr) {
       return nullptr;
     }
     return m_handler->upcastConst(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Dereference to the stored value as @c Base&. Only available when @c Base
   /// is not @c void.
   /// @return Reference to the stored value upcast to @c Base&
   template <typename B = Base>
     requires(!std::is_void_v<B>)
   B& operator*() {
     assert(m_handler != nullptr && "operator* on empty AnyBase");
     return *m_handler->upcast(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Dereference to the stored value as @c const @c Base&. Only available when
   /// @c Base is not @c void.
   /// @return Const reference to the stored value upcast to @c Base&
   template <typename B = Base>
     requires(!std::is_void_v<B>)
   const B& operator*() const {
     assert(m_handler != nullptr && "operator* on empty AnyBase");
     return *m_handler->upcastConst(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Member access on the stored value as @c Base*. Only available when
   /// @c Base is not @c void.
   /// @return Pointer to the stored value upcast to @c Base*
   template <typename B = Base>
     requires(!std::is_void_v<B>)
   B* operator->() {
     assert(m_handler != nullptr && "operator-> on empty AnyBase");
     return m_handler->upcast(dataPtr());
   }
 
   /// Member access on the stored value as @c const @c Base*. Only available
   /// when @c Base is not @c void.
   /// @return Const pointer to the stored value upcast to @c Base*
   template <typename B = Base>
     requires(!std::is_void_v<B>)
   const B* operator->() const {
     assert(m_handler != nullptr && "operator-> on empty AnyBase");
     return m_handler->upcastConst(dataPtr());
   }
 
  private:
   void* dataPtr() {
     if (m_handler->heapAllocated) {
       return *std::bit_cast<void**>(m_data.data());
     } else {
       return std::bit_cast<void*>(m_data.data());
     }
   }
 
   void setDataPtr(void* ptr) { *std::bit_cast<void**>(m_data.data()) = ptr; }
 
   const void* dataPtr() const {
     if (m_handler->heapAllocated) {
       return *std::bit_cast<void* const*>(m_data.data());
     } else {
       return std::bit_cast<const void*>(m_data.data());
     }
   }
 
   struct Handler {
     // Maps the stored payload to Base*. Collapses to void*(*)(void*) and stays
     // nullptr (never read) when Base == void.
     Base* (*upcast)(void*) = nullptr;
     // Const-qualified counterpart used by the const accessors so they don't
     // have to cast away const on the data pointer. Same as above when
     // Base == void.
     const Base* (*upcastConst)(const void*) = nullptr;
     void (*destroy)(void* ptr) = nullptr;
     void (*moveConstruct)(void* from, void* to) = nullptr;
     void (*move)(void* from, void* to) = nullptr;
     void* (*copyConstruct)(const void* from, void* to) = nullptr;
     void (*copy)(const void* from, void* to) = nullptr;
     bool heapAllocated{false};
     std::uint64_t typeHash{0};
     const std::type_info* typeInfo{nullptr};
   };
 
   template <typename T>
   static const Handler* makeHandler() {
     static_assert(!std::is_base_of_v<AnyBaseAll, std::decay_t<T>>,
                   "Cannot wrap Any in Any");
     static const Handler static_handler = []() {
       Handler h;
       h.heapAllocated = heapAllocated<T>();
       if constexpr (!std::is_trivially_destructible_v<T> ||
                     heapAllocated<T>()) {
         h.destroy = &destroyImpl<T>;
       }
       if constexpr (!heapAllocated<T>() &&
                     !std::is_trivially_move_constructible_v<T>) {
         h.moveConstruct = &moveConstructImpl<T>;
       }
       if constexpr (!heapAllocated<T>() &&
                     !std::is_trivially_move_assignable_v<T>) {
         h.move = &moveImpl<T>;
       }
       if constexpr (std::is_copy_constructible_v<T> &&
                     (!std::is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<T> ||
                      heapAllocated<T>())) {
         h.copyConstruct = &copyConstructImpl<T>;
       }
 
       if constexpr (std::is_copy_assignable_v<T> &&
                     (!std::is_trivially_copy_assignable_v<T> ||
                      heapAllocated<T>())) {
         h.copy = &copyImpl<T>;
       }
 
       if constexpr (!std::is_void_v<Base>) {
         h.upcast = [](void* p) -> Base* {
           return static_cast<Base*>(static_cast<T*>(p));
         };
         h.upcastConst = [](const void* p) -> const Base* {
           return static_cast<const Base*>(static_cast<const T*>(p));
         };
       }
 
       h.typeHash = typeHash<T>();
       h.typeInfo = &typeid(T);
 
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG("Type: " << typeid(T).name());
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG(" -> destroy: " << h.destroy);
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG(" -> moveConstruct: " << h.moveConstruct);
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG(" -> move: " << h.move);
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG(" -> copyConstruct: " << h.copyConstruct);
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG(" -> copy: " << h.copy);
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG(
           " -> heapAllocated: " << (h.heapAllocated ? "yes" : "no"));
 
       return h;
     }();
     return &static_handler;
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   static constexpr bool heapAllocated() {
     return sizeof(T) > SbSize;
   }
 
   template <typename T, typename... Args>
   T* constructValue(Args&&... args) {
     if constexpr (!heapAllocated<T>()) {
       // construct into local buffer
       auto* ptr = new (m_data.data()) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
       _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Construct local (this="
                         << this
                         << ") at: " << static_cast<void*>(m_data.data()));
       return ptr;
     } else {
       // too large, heap allocate
       auto* heap = new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG("Allocate type: " << typeid(T).name() << " at " << heap);
       _ACTS_ANY_TRACK_ALLOCATION(T, heap);
       setDataPtr(heap);
       return heap;
     }
   }
 
   void destroy() {
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Destructor this=" << this << " handler: " << m_handler);
     if (m_handler != nullptr && m_handler->destroy != nullptr) {
       _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Non-trivial destruction");
       m_handler->destroy(dataPtr());
     }
     m_handler = nullptr;
   }
 
   void moveConstruct(AnyBase&& fromAny) {
     if (m_handler == nullptr) {
       return;
     }
 
     void* to = dataPtr();
     void* from = fromAny.dataPtr();
     if (m_handler->heapAllocated) {
       // stored on heap: just copy the pointer
       setDataPtr(fromAny.dataPtr());
       // do not delete in moved-from any
       fromAny.m_handler = nullptr;
       return;
     }
 
     if (m_handler->moveConstruct == nullptr) {
       _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Trivially move construct");
       // trivially move constructible
       m_data = std::move(fromAny.m_data);
     } else {
       m_handler->moveConstruct(from, to);
     }
   }
 
   void move(AnyBase&& fromAny) {
     if (m_handler == nullptr) {
       return;
     }
 
     void* to = dataPtr();
     void* from = fromAny.dataPtr();
     if (m_handler->heapAllocated) {
       // stored on heap: just copy the pointer
       // need to delete existing pointer
       m_handler->destroy(dataPtr());
       setDataPtr(fromAny.dataPtr());
       // do not delete in moved-from any
       fromAny.m_handler = nullptr;
       return;
     }
 
     if (m_handler->move == nullptr) {
       _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Trivially move");
       // trivially movable
       m_data = std::move(fromAny.m_data);
     } else {
       m_handler->move(from, to);
     }
   }
 
   void copyConstruct(const AnyBase& fromAny) {
     if (m_handler == nullptr) {
       return;
     }
 
     const void* from = fromAny.dataPtr();
 
     if (m_handler->copyConstruct == nullptr) {
       _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Trivially copy construct");
       // trivially copy constructible
       m_data = fromAny.m_data;
     } else if (m_handler->heapAllocated) {
       // heap-allocated: always allocate fresh storage. We must not read the
       // current contents of m_data here: when copyConstruct runs as part of a
       // copy assignment with a type change, the previous value has already been
       // destroyed but m_data still holds its stale bytes (a freed pointer, or
       // the previous local value's bytes). Passing those as the destination
       // would placement-new into garbage. Allocate and store the new pointer.
       void* copyAt = m_handler->copyConstruct(from, nullptr);
       assert(copyAt != nullptr);
       setDataPtr(copyAt);
     } else {
       // local storage: construct into the internal buffer
       m_handler->copyConstruct(from, dataPtr());
     }
   }
 
   void copy(const AnyBase& fromAny) {
     if (m_handler == nullptr) {
       return;
     }
 
     void* to = dataPtr();
     const void* from = fromAny.dataPtr();
 
     if (m_handler->copy == nullptr) {
       _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Trivially copy");
       // trivially copyable
       m_data = fromAny.m_data;
     } else {
       m_handler->copy(from, to);
     }
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   static void destroyImpl(void* ptr) {
     assert(ptr != nullptr && "Address to destroy is nullptr");
     auto* obj = static_cast<T*>(ptr);
     if constexpr (!heapAllocated<T>()) {
       // stored in place: just call the destructor
       _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("Destroy local at: " << ptr);
       obj->~T();
     } else {
       // stored on heap: delete
       _ACTS_ANY_DEBUG("Delete type: " << typeid(T).name()
                                       << " heap at: " << obj);
       _ACTS_ANY_TRACK_DEALLOCATION(T, obj);
       delete obj;
     }
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   static void moveConstructImpl(void* from, void* to) {
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("move const: " << from << " -> " << to);
     assert(from != nullptr && "Source is null");
     assert(to != nullptr && "Target is null");
     auto* _from = static_cast<T*>(from);
     /*T* ptr =*/new (to) T(std::move(*_from));
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   static void moveImpl(void* from, void* to) {
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("move: " << from << " -> " << to);
     assert(from != nullptr && "Source is null");
     assert(to != nullptr && "Target is null");
 
     auto* _from = static_cast<T*>(from);
     auto* _to = static_cast<T*>(to);
 
     (*_to) = std::move(*_from);
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   static void* copyConstructImpl(const void* from, void* to) {
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("copy const: " << from << " -> " << to);
     assert(from != nullptr && "Source is null");
     const auto* _from = static_cast<const T*>(from);
     if (to == nullptr) {
       assert(heapAllocated<T>() && "Received nullptr in local buffer case");
       to = new T(*_from);
       _ACTS_ANY_TRACK_ALLOCATION(T, to);
 
     } else {
       assert(!heapAllocated<T>() && "Received non-nullptr in heap case");
       /*T* ptr =*/new (to) T(*_from);
     }
     return to;
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   static void copyImpl(const void* from, void* to) {
     _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE("copy: " << from << " -> " << to);
     assert(from != nullptr && "Source is null");
     assert(to != nullptr && "Target is null");
 
     const auto* _from = static_cast<const T*>(from);
     auto* _to = static_cast<T*>(to);
 
     (*_to) = *_from;
   }
 
   static constexpr std::size_t kMaxAlignment =
       std::max(alignof(std::max_align_t),
 #if defined(__AVX512F__)
                std::size_t{64}
 #elif defined(__AVX__)
                std::size_t{32}
 #elif defined(__SSE__)
                std::size_t{16}
 #else
                std::size_t{0}
   // Neutral element
   // for maximum
 #endif
       );
 
   alignas(kMaxAlignment) std::array<std::byte, SbSize> m_data{};
   const Handler* m_handler{nullptr};
 };
 
 /// @brief A type-safe container for single values of any type
 /// @details This is a custom implementation similar to `std::any` but optimized for small types
 ///          that can fit into a pointer-sized buffer. Values larger than a
 ///          pointer are stored on the heap.
 using Any = AnyBase<sizeof(void*), true>;
 
 /// @brief Move-only variant that can store move-only types (e.g. std::unique_ptr)
 /// @details Same as Any but copy constructor and copy assignment are deleted.
 ///          Use when storing types that are not copyable.
 using AnyMoveOnly = AnyBase<sizeof(void*), false>;
 
 /// @brief Typed type-erased value over a common polymorphic base
 /// @details Stores any value of a type @c T convertible to @c Base* (i.e.
 ///          publicly and unambiguously derived from @c Base) and hands it back
 ///          as @c Base& / @c Base* through @ref AnyBase::asBase,
 ///          @ref AnyBase::operator* and @ref AnyBase::operator-> without naming
 ///          @c T. The concrete type can still be recovered with
 ///          @ref AnyBase::as / @ref AnyBase::asPtr. Copyable; values up to
 ///          @c SbSize bytes are stored inline, larger ones on the heap.
 /// @tparam Base Common base class exposed by the accessors
 /// @tparam SbSize Size of the small-buffer-optimization storage
 template <typename Base, std::size_t SbSize = sizeof(void*)>
 using AnyOf = AnyBase<SbSize, true, Base>;
 
 /// @}
 
 #undef _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE
 #undef _ACTS_ANY_VERBOSE_BUFFER
 #undef _ACTS_ANY_ENABLE_VERBOSE
 
 }  // namespace Acts

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