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 // This file is part of the ACTS project.
 //
 // Copyright (C) 2016 CERN for the benefit of the ACTS project
 //
 // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <tuple>
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 template <class PointType>
 void Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughPlane<identifier_t>::fill(
     const PointType& measurement, const HoughAxisRanges& axisRanges,
     LineParametrisation<PointType> linePar,
     LineParametrisation<PointType> widthPar, const identifier_t& identifier,
     unsigned layer, YieldType weight) {
   // loop over all bins in the first coordinate to populate the line
   for (std::size_t xBin = 0; xBin < m_cfg.nBinsX; xBin++) {
     // get the x-coordinate for the given bin
     auto x = binCenter(axisRanges.xMin, axisRanges.xMax, m_cfg.nBinsX, xBin);
     // now evaluate the line equation provided by the user
     CoordType y = linePar(x, measurement);
     CoordType dy = widthPar(x, measurement);
     // translate the y-coordinate range to a bin range
     int yBinDown =
         binIndex(axisRanges.yMin, axisRanges.yMax, m_cfg.nBinsY, y - dy);
     int yBinUp =
         binIndex(axisRanges.yMin, axisRanges.yMax, m_cfg.nBinsY, y + dy);
     // now we can loop over the bin range to fill the corresponding cells
     for (int yBin = yBinDown; yBin <= yBinUp; ++yBin) {
       // skip 'out of bounds' cases
       if (yBin >= static_cast<int>(m_cfg.nBinsY) || yBin < 0) {
         continue;
       }
       fillBin(xBin, yBin, identifier, layer, weight);
     }
   }
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 std::span<const identifier_t, std::dynamic_extent>
 Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughCell<identifier_t>::getHits() const {
   std::span<const identifier_t, std::dynamic_extent> hits(m_hits.begin(),
                                                           m_iHit);
   return hits;
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 std::span<const unsigned, std::dynamic_extent>
 Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughCell<identifier_t>::getLayers() const {
   std::span<const unsigned, std::dynamic_extent> layers(m_layers.begin(),
                                                         m_iLayer);
 
   return layers;
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 void Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughCell<identifier_t>::fill(
     const identifier_t& identifier, unsigned layer, YieldType weight) {
   // add the hit to the list of hits in the cell
 
   if (m_iHit != 0 && m_hits[m_iHit - 1] == identifier) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (m_iHit == m_hits.size()) {
     m_hits.resize(m_hits.size() + m_assignBatch);
   }
 
   if (m_iLayer == m_layers.size()) {
     m_layers.resize(m_layers.size() + m_assignBatch);
   }
 
   m_hits[m_iHit] = identifier;
   m_layers[m_iLayer] = layer;
 
   m_iHit += 1;
   m_iLayer += 1;
 
   m_nHits += weight;
   m_nLayers += weight;
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 void Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughCell<identifier_t>::reset() {
   m_nHits = 0;
   m_nLayers = 0;
 
   m_iLayer = 0;
   m_iHit = 0;
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughPlane<identifier_t>::HoughPlane(
     const HoughPlaneConfig& cfg)
     : m_cfg(cfg),
       m_houghHist(Axis(0, m_cfg.nBinsX, m_cfg.nBinsX),
                   Axis(0, m_cfg.nBinsY, m_cfg.nBinsY)) {
   // instantiate our histogram.
   // m_houghHist = HoughHist(Axis(0, m_cfg.nBinsX, m_cfg.nBinsX), Axis(0,
   // m_cfg.nBinsY, m_cfg.nBinsY));
 }
 template <class identifier_t>
 void Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughPlane<identifier_t>::fillBin(
     std::size_t binX, std::size_t binY, const identifier_t& identifier,
     unsigned layer, double w) {
   // mark that this bin was filled with non trivial content
 
   m_touchedBins.insert(globalBin({binX, binY}));
 
   // add content to the cell
   m_houghHist.atLocalBins({binX, binY}).fill(identifier, layer, w);
   // and update our cached maxima
   YieldType layers = nLayers(binX, binY);
   YieldType hits = nHits(binX, binY);
   if (layers > m_maxLayers) {
     m_maxLayers = layers;
     m_maxLocLayers = {binX, binY};
   }
   if (hits > m_maxHits) {
     m_maxHits = hits;
     m_maxLocHits = {binX, binY};
   }
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 void Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughPlane<identifier_t>::reset() {
   // reset all bins that were previously filled
   // avoid calling this on empty cells to save time
   for (auto bin : getNonEmptyBins()) {
     m_houghHist.at(bin).reset();
   }
   // don't forget to reset our cached maxima
   m_maxHits = 0.;
   m_maxLayers = 0.;
   // and reset the list of nontrivial bins
   m_iBin = 0;
   m_touchedBins.clear();
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 Acts::HoughTransformUtils::PeakFinders::LayerGuidedCombinatoric<identifier_t>::
     LayerGuidedCombinatoric(const LayerGuidedCombinatoricConfig& cfg)
     : m_cfg(cfg) {}
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 std::vector<typename Acts::HoughTransformUtils::PeakFinders::
                 LayerGuidedCombinatoric<identifier_t>::Maximum>
 Acts::HoughTransformUtils::PeakFinders::LayerGuidedCombinatoric<
     identifier_t>::findPeaks(const HoughPlane<identifier_t>& plane) const {
   // book the vector for the maxima
   std::vector<PeakFinders::LayerGuidedCombinatoric<identifier_t>::Maximum>
       maxima;
   // loop over the non empty bins
   for (auto nbin : plane.getNonEmptyBins()) {
     // and look for the ones that represent a maximum
 
     std::array<std::size_t, 2> xy = plane.axisBins(nbin);
 
     if (passThreshold(plane, xy[0], xy[1])) {
       // write out a maximum
       Maximum max;
       max.hitIdentifiers = plane.hitIds(xy[0], xy[1]);
       maxima.push_back(max);
     }
   }
   return maxima;
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 bool Acts::HoughTransformUtils::PeakFinders::LayerGuidedCombinatoric<
     identifier_t>::passThreshold(const HoughPlane<identifier_t>& plane,
                                  std::size_t xBin, std::size_t yBin) const {
   // Check if we have sufficient layers for a maximum
   if (plane.nLayers(xBin, yBin) < m_cfg.threshold) {
     return false;
   }
   // if no local maximum is required, this is enough to classify as a max
   if (m_cfg.localMaxWindowSize == 0) {
     return true;
   }
   // otherwise, check for local maxima by looking at the surrounding cells
 
   /// loop over neighbours
   for (int dXbin = -m_cfg.localMaxWindowSize; dXbin <= m_cfg.localMaxWindowSize;
        dXbin++) {
     for (int dYbin = -m_cfg.localMaxWindowSize;
          dYbin <= m_cfg.localMaxWindowSize; dYbin++) {
       // exclude the candidate itself
       if (dYbin == 0 && dXbin == 0) {
         continue;
       }
       // out of bounds -> no need to test this bin
       if (static_cast<int>(xBin) + dXbin < 0 ||
           static_cast<int>(yBin) + dYbin < 0) {
         continue;
       }
       if (xBin + dXbin >= plane.nBinsX() || yBin + dYbin >= plane.nBinsY()) {
         continue;
       }
       // if a neighbour with more layers exist, this is not a minimum
       if (plane.nLayers(xBin + dXbin, yBin + dYbin) >
           plane.nLayers(xBin, yBin)) {
         return false;
       }
       // if the neighbour has fewer hits, we can move to the next neighbour
       if (plane.nLayers(xBin + dXbin, yBin + dYbin) <
           plane.nLayers(xBin, yBin)) {
         continue;
       }
 
       // we can still be in a plateau. In this case, resolve by counting hits
 
       // if the other bin with the same hit count has seen more clusters (
       // double hits in one layer), keep that one and reject the current
       if (plane.nHits(xBin + dXbin, yBin + dYbin) > plane.nHits(xBin, yBin)) {
         return false;
       }
       // and if we have completely identical hit and layer count, prefer bins in
       // the bottom (left) direction
       if (plane.nHits(xBin + dXbin, yBin + dYbin) == plane.nHits(xBin, yBin) &&
           (dYbin < 0 || (dYbin == 0 && dXbin < 0))) {
         return false;
       }
     }
   }
   return true;
 }
 template <class identifier_t>
 Acts::HoughTransformUtils::PeakFinders::IslandsAroundMax<
     identifier_t>::IslandsAroundMax(const IslandsAroundMaxConfig& cfg)
     : m_cfg(cfg) {}
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 std::vector<typename Acts::HoughTransformUtils::PeakFinders::IslandsAroundMax<
     identifier_t>::Maximum>
 Acts::HoughTransformUtils::PeakFinders::IslandsAroundMax<
     identifier_t>::findPeaks(const HoughPlane<identifier_t>& plane,
                              const HoughAxisRanges& ranges) {
   // check the global maximum hit count in the plane
   YieldType max = plane.maxHits();
   // and obtain the fraction of the max that is our cutoff for island formation
   YieldType min = std::max(m_cfg.threshold, m_cfg.fractionCutoff * max);
   // book a list for the candidates and the maxima
   const std::unordered_set<std::size_t>& nonEmptyBins{plane.getNonEmptyBins()};
   std::vector<std::size_t> candidates;
   candidates.reserve(nonEmptyBins.size());
   std::vector<Maximum> maxima;
   maxima.reserve(nonEmptyBins.size());
   // keep track of the yields in each non empty cell
   std::unordered_map<std::size_t, YieldType> yieldMap;
 
   // now loop over all non empty bins
   for (const std::size_t nbin : nonEmptyBins) {
     //  we only consider cells above threshold from now on.
     //  each is a potential candidate to seed or join an island
     //  We also add each to our yield map
 
     if (plane.nHits(nbin) > min) {
       candidates.push_back(nbin);
       yieldMap[nbin] = plane.nHits(nbin);
     }
   }
   // sort the candidate cells descending in content
   std::ranges::sort(candidates, std::greater{}, [&yieldMap](std::size_t c) {
     return std::make_tuple(yieldMap[c], c);
   });
 
   // now we build islands from the candidate cells, starting with the most
   // populated one
   std::vector<std::size_t> toExplore;
   std::vector<std::array<std::size_t, 2>> solution;
 
   // loop over candidate cells
   for (auto& cand : candidates) {
     // check the content again (if used in a previous island, this will now
     // report empty)
     if (yieldMap[cand] < min) {
       continue;
     }
     // CALL AXIS BINS HERE
     std::array<std::size_t, 2> xy = plane.axisBins(cand);
     // translate to parameter space for overlap veto
     CoordType xCand =
         binCenter(ranges.xMin, ranges.xMax, plane.nBinsX(), xy[0]);
     CoordType yCand =
         binCenter(ranges.yMin, ranges.yMax, plane.nBinsY(), xy[1]);
     // check if we are too close to a previously found maximum
     bool goodSpacing = true;
     for (auto& found : maxima) {
       if (std::abs(xCand - found.x) < m_cfg.minSpacingBetweenPeaks.first ||
           std::abs(yCand - found.y) < m_cfg.minSpacingBetweenPeaks.second) {
         goodSpacing = false;
         break;
       }
     }
     if (!goodSpacing) {
       continue;
     }
     // now we can extend the candidate into an island
     toExplore.clear();
     solution.clear();
     // initially, pass the candidate into the list of "neighbours" to explore
     // around an empty island
     toExplore.push_back(cand);
     // and incrementally add neighbours, filling the solution vector
     while (!toExplore.empty()) {
       extendMaximum(plane, solution, toExplore, min, yieldMap);
     }
     // nothing found? Next candidate!
     if (solution.empty()) {
       continue;
     }
     // We found an island
     Maximum maximum;
     CoordType max_x = 0;
     CoordType max_y = 0;
     CoordType pos_den = 0;
     CoordType ymax = -std::numeric_limits<CoordType>::max();
     CoordType ymin = std::numeric_limits<CoordType>::max();
     CoordType xmax = -std::numeric_limits<CoordType>::max();
     CoordType xmin = std::numeric_limits<CoordType>::max();
     // loop over cells in the island and get the weighted mean position.
     // Also collect all hit identifiers in the island and the maximum
     // extent (within the count threshold!) of the island
     for (auto& [xBin, yBin] : solution) {
       auto hidIds = plane.hitIds(xBin, yBin);
       maximum.hitIdentifiers.insert(std::make_move_iterator(hidIds.begin()),
                                     std::make_move_iterator(hidIds.end()));
       CoordType xHit =
           binCenter(ranges.xMin, ranges.xMax, plane.nBinsX(), xBin);
       CoordType yHit =
           binCenter(ranges.yMin, ranges.yMax, plane.nBinsY(), yBin);
       YieldType nHits = plane.nHits(xBin, yBin);
       max_x += xHit * nHits;
       max_y += yHit * nHits;
       pos_den += nHits;
       if (xHit > xmax) {
         xmax = xHit;
       }
       if (yHit > ymax) {
         ymax = yHit;
       }
       if (xHit < xmin) {
         xmin = xHit;
       }
       if (yHit < ymin) {
         ymin = yHit;
       }
     }
     // calculate mean position
     maximum.x = max_x / pos_den;
     maximum.y = max_y / pos_den;
     // calculate width as symmetrised band
     maximum.wx = 0.5 * (xmax - xmin);
     maximum.wy = 0.5 * (ymax - ymin);
     maxima.push_back(maximum);
   }
   return maxima;
 }
 
 template <class identifier_t>
 void Acts::HoughTransformUtils::PeakFinders::IslandsAroundMax<identifier_t>::
     extendMaximum(
         const Acts::HoughTransformUtils::HoughPlane<identifier_t>& houghPlane,
         std::vector<std::array<std::size_t, 2>>& inMaximum,
         std::vector<std::size_t>& toExplore, YieldType threshold,
         std::unordered_map<std::size_t, YieldType>& yieldMap) {
   // in this call, we explore the last element of the toExplore list.
   // Fetch it and pop it from the vector.
 
   const std::size_t candidate = toExplore.back();
   YieldType& yield{yieldMap[candidate]};
   toExplore.pop_back();
   // check if we are above threshold. Don't add this cell to the island if not
   if (yield < threshold) {
     return;
   }
   // This candidate is above threshold and should go on the island!
   auto nextCand = houghPlane.axisBins(candidate);
   // add it to the cell list for the island
   inMaximum.push_back(nextCand);
   // and "veto" the hit for further use via the yield map
   yieldMap[candidate] = -1.0f;
 
   // now we have to collect the non empty neighbours of this cell and check them
   // as well
   for (auto step : m_stepDirections) {
     std::array<unsigned long, 2> newCandxy = {nextCand[0] + step.first,
                                               nextCand[1] + step.second};
     // check if we are moving out of the bounds
     if (newCandxy[0] >= houghPlane.nBinsX() ||
         newCandxy[1] >= houghPlane.nBinsY()) {
       continue;
     }
     std::size_t newCand = houghPlane.globalBin({newCandxy[0], newCandxy[1]});
 
     // if the cell is above threshold, add it to our list of neighbours to
     // explore
     if (yieldMap[newCand] > threshold) {
       toExplore.push_back(newCand);
     }
   }
 }

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